History Of The Bus Topology

History Of The Bus TopologyA bus topographic anatomy is a electronic network set up in which invitees be affiliated to a segment of phone line in the logical shape of a line, with a terminator at each end. A bus topology connects each figurer or nodes to a oneness segment trunk. All nodes on the network sh atomic number 18 a common bus and role a multi-drop transmission medium. Bus network each(prenominal)ows only one device to transmit at a time. A distri excepted access protocol determines which station is to transmit. The signal goes from one end of the bus to a nonher. A terminator is needed at each to cut round the signal so it does not reflect back across the bus. CSMA/CA, media access method, is utilise to control the collisions that take place when two signals placed on the outfit at the same time.There be two lineaments of bus topology Linear Bus Topology and Distributed Bus Topology. In Linear Bus Topology, totally nodes of the network are connected to a comm on transmission medium which has exactly two endpoints. Distributed Bus in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has more than two endpoints that are created by adding branches to the main section of the transmission medium.Bus networks do best with a limited number of devices. If more than limited estimators are added to a bus, performance lines will be result. If the backbone cable fails, the encompassing network effectively becomes unusable. image Bus TopologyRing TopologyRing network topology has no central server and connects computers in a circle of point-to-point fraternitys. Each node handles its throw applications. And also shares resources over the entire network. If one node becomes break down, the others are still able to maintain contact with one another. Such a network is best for decentralized systems because no priorities are required.The signal is transferred through a attribute for one station to the next. When a station needs to transmit, it grabs the token, attaches info and an address to it. And then routes it around the ring. The token travels a immense the ring till reaches the destination address. The receiving computer replies an acknowledgment to the sender source. The sender then releases the token for use by another computer. Each station on the ring has equal access but only one station stub use token at a time. To countenance an orderly access to the ring, a single electronic token passes from one computer to the next around the ring. A computer can only transmit entropy when it captures the tokenFig Ring TopologyStar TopologyA star topology is one of the virtually use common network topology where each of the devices and computers on a network connect to a central hub or sometimes bonny a switch. On a star network, data passes though the hub to its destination. The hub manages and controls all functions of the network. It also performs as a repeater for the data fl ow. In a star network, the entire network is dependent on the hub so if there is a problem with the hub, the entire network is not working. This makes it easy to troubleshoot by offering a single point for error connection and at the same time the dependency is also very high on that single point. Every computer in the network is safe when the hub is safe. This type of network also offers more privacy than any other network.The star network topology requires more cable than the wonted(prenominal) Bus topology. A common cable that is utilise in star network is the UTP or the unshielded wrestle pair cable. Another common cable that is use in star networks is the RJ45 or the Ethernet cables.If one computer fails in the network, it does not affect any other computer in the network and the purposes of this computer can be easily changed to the next computer easily use the controls of hub. In a Star Network Topology it is executable to prevail all the important data backups on the h ub in a private f onetime(a) so if one computer fails, it can still use data using the next computer in the network and accessing the backup cross-files on the hub.New devices or nodes can easily be added to the Star Network by just extending a cable from the hub. Because of the hub controls everything, the addition or removal of devices are done using the hub. If the hub adds a device such as a printer or a fax machine, all the other computers on the network can access that radical device by accessing the hub. The device is no need to be installed on all the computers in the entire network. The central function is cost effective and easier to maintain.Fig Star Topology function TopologyA type of network configuration where each of the computers and network devices are interconnected with one another allows for virtually transmissions to be distributed even if one of the connections goes down. This type of topology is not commonly used for most computer networks because it is dif ficult and expensive to bemuse redundant connection to every computer.In Mesh network, it can route data, vocalization and instructions between nodes. It allows for continuous connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths by hopping from node to node until the destination is reached. A mesh network whose nodes are all connected to each other is a fully connected network. The network can still operate even when a node fails or a connection goes bad.On a mesh network, messages can send via any of several(prenominal) possible paths from source to destination. It employs one of two connection arrangements, full mesh topology or incomplete mesh topology. In the full mesh topology, each node is connected directly to each of the others. In the partial mesh topology, some nodes are connected to all the others, but some of the nodes are connected only to those other nodes with which they exchange the most data.Fig Mesh TopologyDifferent types of cablesDifferent types of n etwork cables are used depending on the kind of network. The type of cable used for a network depends on the networks topology, protocol, and size. If a network has larger number of network devices, it will need cables that provide high speed and error free connectivity.Some of the cables being used directly are Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables, coaxial cables and fiber optic cables. The UTP cable is the most popular variety, largely used for school networks as it transfers data at atomic number 6 mbps. Coaxial cables hold a single hog conductor at their fondness. A plastic layer provides insulation between the concentrate on conductor and the braided metal shield. The outer metal shield blocks out outer interferences such as lights, motors and other computers. Fiber optic cables consist of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective materials. It transmits light rather than electronic signals and transfers signals over much longer durations than coaxi al and twisted pair cables.Network cables are the backbone of any network. However, today several networks are switching over to other mediums of data transfer such as high frequency receiving set signals, and infrared light beams to connect the workstations. These systems are not only fast and effective, but also do a substance with the problem of maintain several hundred feet of cables spreading across the workspace. With such technologies coming to the forefront, the future may well tilt in favor of wireless systems.10Mbps Networking monetary standardCable emblemSegment LengthConnector10 instauration2Thin Coaxial185 metersBNC10BaseTCategory 3, 4, 5 twisted pair100 metersRJ-4510BaseFLFiber-optic2000 metersSC/STb) Advantages and Disadvantages of medium.Media TypeMaximum Segment LengthSpeedCostAdvantagesDisadvantagesUTP100 m10 Mbps to 1000 MbpsLeast expensiveEasy to install widely acquirable and widely usedSusceptible to interference can cover only a limited distanceSTP100 m10 M bps to 100 MbpsMore expensive than UTPReduced crosstalk more resistant to EMI than Thinnet or UTPDifficult to work with can cover only a limited distanceCoaxial500 m (Thicknet)185 m (Thinnet)10 Mbps to 100 MbpsRelatively inexpensive, but more costly than UTPLess susceptible to EMI interference than other types of copper mediaDifficult to work with (Thicknet) limited bandwidth limited application (Thinnet) damage to cable can bring down entire networkFiber-Optic10 km and farther (single-mode)2 km and farther (multimode)100 Mbps to 100 Gbps (single mode)100 Mbps to 9.92 Gbps (multimode)ExpensiveCannot be tapped, so security is better can be used over great distances is not susceptible to EMI has a higher data rate than coaxial and twisted-pair cableDifficult to terminatec) Recommendation.Star topology would be the best way to use for renewing Townsville Police surgical incision Network infrastructure because of in-house network (LAN) structure. Star topology should be also used for p ursual reasons.Easy to install and reconfigure.No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.Less expensive.Includes robustness, that is, if one link fails, only that link is affected, other links remain active.It has been said that Townsville Police section covers an country of 100 square kilometers and Townsville is divided into four districts (Northern, Eastern, Western and Southern). For that reason, the switch should be placed in the center of four districts. So, the network cable must cover 50 kilometer and the switch must be gigabit Ethernet. Therefore, UTP with cat6E is the most adapted network for such an area of network.Category 6 UTPCategory 6 resists gigabit Ethernet and is recognized by standards bodies as reenforcementing 10GBASE-T, however there are demarcations that must be considered. The IEEE 802.3an standard cites a 55 meter distance limitation for standard category 6, which is not universally ag reed upon within the TIA and ISO standards.TIA TSB 155 recently released a skilful expediency Bulletin covering additional parameters for running 10GBASE-T on standard category 6. In this document a 37 meter distance limitation is cite for 10GBASE-T on standards compliant category 6 systems. Between 37 meters and the IEEE referenced 55 meters, standard category 6 may support 10GBASE-T, but it is possible that the installer may crap to use alien crosstalk mitigation techniques such as unbundling cables or replacing patch cords to improve the galvanising parameters to allow 10GBASE-T to work properly. Above 55 meters, it is unlikely that category 6 UTP would work properly without a large amount of mitigation to reduce alien crosstalk. A key takeaway is that using category 6 UTP for 10GBASE-T should be focused on existing installations, not new installations. The choice for new installations knowing to support 10GBASE-T should be increase category 6 UTP, STP or optical fiber sy stems.Category 6 Advantages Cost and size of media, relative to augmented category 6 and STP Installed base currently the dominant UTP cabling standard Installation widely acceptedCategory 6 Disadvantages Limited distance for 10GBASE-T away noise suppression at 100 m, relative to shielded systems or augmented category 6 designate 2a)Nowadays, there are several usages of Internet by means of so numerous ways. There are terce basic Internet functionInformation (browsing, online-shopping, etc.)Communications (mail, chat, Video conferencing, etc.)Files sharing (downloading, uploading, etc.)b)The connecting suitable for above severs are as followsFor Information serviceIt can cover only 100 Kbits/s ordinarily prove adequate.For CommunicationFor photograph conferencing, bandwidths of no more than 384 Kbits/s usually prove adequate. As for chatting conversation, especially for yahoo chat, 28 Kbits/s should be enough.For File SharingAs for file sharing, bandwidths of more than 1 Mbit/s are most suitable.c) The Internet Service Provider in MyanmarMyanmar Posts and TelecommunicationsThe Myanmar Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), is the sole provider of telecommunication work in Myanmar. It is a Government Agency, direct low the Ministry of Communications, Posts and Telegraphs. It was founded in 1884 as a small Department of Posts and Telegraphs and has grown into the present day Myanma Posts and Telecommunications with approximately 13800 employees of which about 380 are managerial level staff. The present organization is headed by the Managing Director and a General Manager as his deputy. There are nine major departments operating under respective deputy general managers/chief engineers in the fields of administration, works and inspection, planning, training, finance, stores, automatic telephones, overseas communications and long distance communications. The three main categories of services rendered by MPT are the postal services, telegraph services an d telephone services, for both domestic and international communications.d)Since, there is only one ISP in our country (Myanmar) we have to use MPT (Myanmar Posts and Telecommunication) as an ISP for our country.Task 3a)Methods of Two-Way Voice communications bipartisan voice communications (radios) are essentially available in three typesHand-held portable,Vehicle-mounted mobile, andDesktop-base stationThere are also unique nonpartizan radio devices such as indoor and outdoor call nichees and one-way radio receivers for wireless paging.Hand-held portable two-way radios are the walkie talkie type of radios. As ruled by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission), hand-held radios may not have more than 5 watts of power.Vehicle-mounted mobile two-way radios mount in a car or truck and they use the vehicles battery for power. They may have their own antenna, but better range is achieved by using an externally-mounted antenna.Desktop base station radios use wall AC power and they too may have a built-in antenna, but this antenna may be disconnected and then connected to cable that leads to an external-mounted antenna. The higher the antenna is mounted, the better the range.The vehicle-mounted mobile radios are usually used as base stations by just adding an AC to DC power converter.Mobile and Base station radios are usually more powerful than hand-held radios and may have as much as 100 watts of power.FrequenciesThere are two major frequency formats for two-way radios. They are Ultra High Frequency (ultrahigh frequency) radio and Very High Frequency (VHF) radio. Neither frequency band is inherently better than the other. They each have their pluses and minuses. Both formats are effective ways to communicate with another person.UHF radioThe UHF radio band for commercial radios is between 400 512 MHz. Until recently, it wasnt widely used. Now, the UHF radio frequency is used for two-way radios, GPS, Blue-tooth, cordless phones, and WiFi.VHF radioThe VHF radio ba nd for commercial radios is between 130 174 MHz. FM radio, two-way radios, and television broadcasts operate in this range.Both UHF and VHF radios are prone to line of sight factors, but VHF a smaller more so. The waves make it through trees and rugged landscapes, but not as well as UHF frequencies do. However, if a VHF wave and a UHF wave were transmitted over an area without barriers, the VHF wave would travel almost twice as far. This makes VHF easier to broadcast over a long range.Two-way radios, hand-held portable, vehicle-mounted mobile and desktop base station are full duplex.b)Legal requirement for operation systemTwo -way radio devicesTwo-way radio powerAntennasChannel usagesFCC LicensingAudio AccessoriesCases, Holsters, and Belt ClipsBatteriesRepeatersDrop-in ChargerMulti-charging UnitsSelectable PowerOperatorsAdministratorsControl stationAdditional and optional knowledge of two-way voice communication technologyOverall knowledge of how to use a selected two-way voice co mmunication device be of setting up and operating the system in my countryAs for hand-held two way voice communication device, according to amazon.com, the costs are as followsFor Cobra CTX400 GMRS/FRS 2-Way Rechargeable Radio with Hands-Free function (Pair)$36.88For Townsville Police Department, total cost for using hand-held two way voice communication device is up to $2065.28.d) Limitations of each method (interference, range, etc.).Product Features22 Mile Range, 22 Channels 121 Privacy Codes10 Channel NOAA radio Hands-free operation (VOX)8 Rechargeable AAA batteries, and a 2 port desk battery charger includedMaximum range extender and belt clip included for maximum efficiency and carrying easeLead-Free, Eco-Friendly Packaginge) As for sideline feature Highlights, tow way voice communication should be set up.VOXThe Voice Activated Transmit (VOX) feature enables us to use our radio hands free. When VOX is turned on, the radio will automatically begin transmitting when we spe ak, without pressing the push-to-talk button. VOX works well for any application.On most VOX-capable radios there is a cold-shoulder delay between when we start speaking and when the microphone turns on so the first part of the conversation may be clipped. Most radio users vote down this by repeating the first word.Military Specification StandardsIn an effort to achieve standardization objectives for purchases of products used by the military and other government organizations, the U.S. Department of Defense created standards that these products must meet. We will see these standards called military standard, MIL-STD, or MIL-SPEC. These standards ensure products meet certain requirements, commonality, reliability, compatibility, and identical defense-related objectives.According to Military Specification Standards, Townsville Police Department should be used Cobra CTX400 GMRS/FRS 2-Way Rechargeable Radio.Task 4a)Since AVAYA IP Office 4.0 is only software for PBX telephone system, the main equipment that would be installed is only software. The process for the installation is as followsInstallationTo establish and maintain an IP DECT installation, a network infrastructure is assumed, which comprises at least the following componentsIP Base postIP DECT phoneIP OfficeTFTP server (which can be the IP Office or 3rd Party)Depending on the operational requirements the following services should be providedDHCPSNTPDNSWML/HTTPSyslog daemonb) AVAYA IP Office 4.0 Telephone formation (IP DECT)Digital Enhanced Cordless TelecommunicationThe standard (ETS 300 175) essentially specifies the air interface, cognise as the radio interface. Voice and data can both be transmitted via this interface.DECT key technical characteristics areFrequency range approximately 1,880 1,900 gigacycle (approximately 20 MHz bandwidth)10 carrier frequencies (1,728 MHz spacing) with 12 time slots eachDoubling the number of time slots (to 24) using the TDMA processNet data rate per channel of 32 kbit/s (for voice transmission using ADPCM)Voice coding using the ADPCM methodMaximum transmission power of 10 mWGAP GenericAbout the IP DECT Base sendThere are two types of IP Base Station. All IP Base Stations have the same hardware and software capabilities.Indoor IP Base StationThe indoor IP Base Station is for indoor use only. It can be powered by a mains adapter or by 802.3af compliant power over Ethernet. placardFor Australia and New Zealand the mains adaptor is not currently supported. Only 802.3af compliant power over Ethernet is supported.Outdoor IP Base StationThe outdoor IP Base Station can be used outdoors or indoors. The outdoor IP Base Station can only be powered by 802.3af compliant power over Ethernet.NoteAvaya Power over Ethernet adaptors are non 802.3af compliant, and therefore cannot power the ADMM.One of the IP Base Station within an IP DECT installation must be elect (at installation time) to operate as the ADMM. This ADMM mode is in addition to the normal IP Base Station functionality that all the other base stations retain.c) Costs for installing AVAYA IP officeThere are two models of phones the 3701 and 3711 phones. Avaya Kirk DECT phones (WT9620 and DT20) function on the IP DECT solution, but the functionality is limited.AVAYA Partner 18D- Digital phone3 new from $95.00Avaya 6408D+- Digital phone -multi-line operationAvaya 5621SWP IP Phone (700385982)Avaya IP400 Analog Trunk 4 cardAvailable at external website Atlas Phones for $199.00d) Costs for operating the systemAvaya IP Office Smart Card w/Voicemail Pro like new, available at external website Atlas Phones for $1,095.00.Premise-based IP PBX systems vary exceedingly widely in cost and even more so as we look at wide-scale deployments and future growth and additions to a system. A basic premise-based box for a relatively small number of users say up to 20 in a single location can cost less than $1,000 excluding the phones themselves. scarcely expansion costs and other branc h locations can change the cost equation dramatically. In addition, we will have on qualifying costs related to connection to the regular phone system and whatever connection costs are imposed by our backbone supplier. These ongoing costs are nevertheless going to be considerably lower than any other form of phone system. They should be lower than hosted VoIP solutions, and they will be dramatically lower than any older PBX and telecommunications provider.Phones are an additional cost, but when buying a premise-based IP PBX system, we often have greater flexibility than in any other arrangement. We can take up to go with very low-cost, no-name or bottom-of-the-line phones (which are still perfectly capable) all the way up to top-notch phones from manufacturers such as Polycom and Siemens that provide usability benefits (although often at a price premium).For Townsville Police Department, AVAYA Partner 18D- Digital phone should be used up to 6 base stations as for stages, one Headq uarter reaction Area, four Districts, and one serious crime squad.e) Recommendation for AVAYAThe IP DECT solution delivers all the benefits of IP-based converged communications with the convenience of in-building wireless communications. Designed to support a large number of users, the IP DECT system enables users to carry a wireless phone and get full access to all the features they are addicted to using at their desk phone. The IP DECT solution, which connects to the IP Office using a variant of the H.323 protocol, can support users in different offices that are connected via a WAN. An IP DECT cordless handset can travel from one office to another, making and taking calls.The DECT over IP system comprises the following componentsAt least one IP Base Station connected over an IP network and offering IP DECT as a wireless interface.A maximum of 32 IP Base Stations are supported.IP Office Small Office Edition, IP Office 406v2, 403, 406v1 or 412 with available VCM resources.IP DECT p hone Avaya 3701 and Avaya 3711 wireless phones.A maximum of 120 IP DECT phones are supported.Avaya IP DECT Mobility Manager (ADMM) management interface for IP DECT WirelessSolution, which runs on either one of the IP DECT Base Stations.The picture displayed next page gives a graphical overview of the architecture of the IP DECT Wireless solution. The IP Office, ADMM and the IP Base Stations communicate through the IP infrastructure. The IP Base Stations and the IP DECT phones communicate over air.Graphical overview of the architecture of the IP DECT Wireless solutionTask 5Task (5)This is the detail report for the overall tasks sorting from Task 1 to Task 4.In Task 1, the Townsville Police Department should be used Category 6 UTP by the following reasons Cost and size of media, relative to augmented category 6 and STP Installed base currently the dominant UTP cabling standard Installation widely acceptedAnd it is suitable for Townsville Police Department.Category 6 supports gigabit Ethernet and is recognized by standards bodies as supporting 10GBASE-T, however there are limitations that must be considered. The IEEE 802.3an standard cites a 55 meter distance limitation for standard category 6, which is not universally agreed upon within the TIA and ISO standards.TIA TSB 155 recently released a Technical Service Bulletin covering additional parameters for running 10GBASE-T on standard category 6. In this document a 37 meter distance limitation is referenced for 10GBASE-T on standards compliant category 6 systems. Between 37 meters and the IEEE referenced 55 meters, standard category 6 may support 10GBASE-T, but it is possible that the installer may have to use alien crosstalk mitigation techniques such as unbundling cables or replacing patch cords to improve the electrical parameters to allow 10GBASE-T to work properly. Above 55 meters, it is unlikely that category 6 UTP would work properly without a large amount of mitigation to reduce alien crosstalk. A key t akeaway is that using category 6 UTP for 10GBASE-T should be focused on existing installations, not new installations. The choice for new installations designed to support 10GBASE-T should be augmented category 6 UTP, STP or optical fiber systems.Townsville Police Department has been restructured within an area of 100 square kilometers. precisely Townsville PD could not over more than 500 square kilometers because the head departments are divided into four districts (Northern, Eastern, Western and southern). Cat 6 UTP could support that area.For Task 2, the services for internet connections are as followsInformation (browsing, online-shopping, etc.)Communications (mail, chat, Video conferencing, etc.)Files sharing (downloading, uploading, etc.)These services are the most common used for internet.And recommended connection speeds are as followsFor Information serviceIt can cover only 100 Kbits/s usually prove adequate.For CommunicationFor video conferencing, bandwidths of no more th an 384 Kbits/s usually prove adequate. As for chatting communication, especially for most chatting communications, 28 Kbits/s should be enough.For File SharingAs for file sharing, bandwidths of more than 1 Mbit/s are most suitable.There is only one Internet Service Provider in our country, Myanmar Ports and Communications.In Task 3, there are too many options for two -way voice communication devices. Two-way voice communications (radios) are essentially available in three typesHand-held portable,Vehicle-mounted mobile, andDesktop-base stationThese are most common used for two-way voice communication. And I provided the recommendation the device as followsMilitary Specification StandardsIn an effort to achieve standardization objectives for purchases of products used by the military and other government organizations, the U.S. Department of Defense created standards that these products must meet. We will see these standards called military standard, MIL-STD, or MIL-SPEC. These standa rds ensure products meet certain requirements, commonality, reliability, compatibility, and similar defense-related objectives.According to Military Specification Standards, Townsville Police Department should be used two way voice communication technology.For Task 4, the main equipments that would be installed are just only the software. There are so many options and vendors that provide telephone known as PBX. Among those vendors, I chose AVAYA IP Office 4.0 Telephone System (IP DECT). As for Townsville Police Department, like military office, it is important to choose the right products. The IP DECT solution delivers all the benefits of IP-based converged communications with the convenience of in-building wireless communications. Designed to support a large number of users, the IP DECT system enables users to carry a wireless phone and get full access to all the features they are accustomed to using at their desk phone. The IP DECT solution, which connects to the IP Office using a variant of the H.323 protocol, can support users in different offices that are connected via a WAN. An IP DECT cordless handset can travel from one office to another, making and taking calls.

MTV Arabia Entry Strategy

MTV Arabia Entry scheme56 topical anesthetic conduct spread Arabian music as well as international numbers by come in into agreements with production houses and other TV interlockings transformed the Arab culture. unmatched bum easily describe spunk eastern hemisphere as a region in the process of fast development and cultural change with a rapidly changing political and economic system as stated by Moran, R. T., Harris, P. R. Moran, S. V. (2007).Arabs are Muslims with strong cultural ties with the religion and the holy book, core East is way backwards then the west, Arab women labour veils and cover themselves and men wear traditional clothes. Middle East too has politically diverse forms of government, where religion plays the main role in many a(prenominal) diametric ways.Middle East has entirely different cultural ties then the west identical shame and honour, family, socialization and trust. Without doubt, Islam is the dominant characteristic of Arab culture an d society and is use to define parameters for much of what constitutes the beliefs and actions in Arab Society. Middle East, delineates a number of features of their culture and society with fol depleteding social characteristics as noted by Leidner, D. L. Kayworth, T. R. (2008)Social innovationHierarchical Class StructurePatriarchal relations, air divisionicularly in the familyPrimary group relationsContinuing dependency and underdevelopmentSome of the salient features of Arab culture low hypometropia, at least(prenominal) by the standards of developing nations, and very high monumentalism. Arab monumentalism is strongest in the world and comes together with the lowest suicide rates as noted by Minkow, M. (2011).Challenges posed to MTVMTVs worldwide image adds to everything they do special entering a country with strong cultural and conventional ties. As the information provided special projects tutor at trends magazine Dubai explains that MTV is cognize in the market for inc lining towards airing debatable program. Also it is an American brand consequently carrying Americas liberal cultural set around the world therefore it go out be a challenge for the brand to enter a religious and traditionalist market and air controversial material.Strong anti-American sentiments prevalent among a large section of the population, Issues such as US invasion of Iraq and its sup style to arch enemy Israel had left many Arabs angry consequently presenting another challenge for an American brand.MTV is a brand of MTV meshings (MTVN) and MTV Arabia launched in 2007 in Middle East was a very challenging quality for MTVN, which posed bigger challenges like culturally minute environment. The biggest challenge faced was to keep the balance between international quality music and culturally sensitive environment of the region.Also Middle East is a very highly regulated and complex business arena comparing to the western world and companies had to line more stringent r ules and regulations to operate in Middle East.Targeting pan-Arab jejuneness audiences were also another challenge posed to the American brand. Young people represent 65 percent of the population in the Middle East, which was also a challenge for MTVN. This large population of youth attracted other topical anaesthetic music channels to head start operating in the region, even before MTV Arabias entrance hence these channels had developed a better understanding of the local audiences taste and posed a bigger threat to MTVNs growth in the Middle East. MTV Arabia had to compete with 50 Music Channels operating in Middle East, hence the fierce arguing in the market also posed a challenge.Another challenge posed to MTVN while entering Middle East market was its international study of airing sexually explicit and provocative programmes. MTVN also had western values attached with the brand and representing an image of open Western culture, opposite to the socially materialistic cultu re of the Middle East was another challenge for MTV to enter Middle East. MTV had to find a balance between explicit music culture and the conservative social culture in the Middle East.Cultural differences among Middle East countries were another challenge posed to MTVN. The cultural ties between the countries in Middles East also differ posing another challenge to MTVN. The American managers interacting with managers from the Middle East might misinterpret the late arrival of a potential business provide as a negotiation play or insult, when it is rather a simple reflection of different views of time and its value in the Middle East as noted by Griffin, R. W. (2011).Also adopting local standards and trying to localize they brand may result in over localization and eventually write out the brand. withal much localization or personalization can obviously breed logistical chaos and dilute the brand, so customization is usually carried out in clusters employ local geographical or lifestyle data as noted by Watson, R. (2010).MTVs strategy in Middle EastMTVI had an international strategy of creating interchangeable ventures and contracts with channels already native to a new market. In Middle East MTVN had the same strategy and made a deal with Showtime Arabia as part of the deal Show Time Arabia aired MTV English and Nickelodeon with subtitles in Arabic, which helped introducing the American brand in the market with an already established piano tuner network.After an introduction of the brand, MTVN later on made ties with local partner (Arab Media Group) AMG as part of their strategy to entry the Middle East market. Later on MTV Arabia was launched by the end of year 2006 joint ventured with Arabian Television Network (ATN). According to the information provided MTV Networks (MTVN) launched MTV Arabia on November 17, 2007, in partnership with Arabian Television Network (ATN).The core of the MTV strategy was to provide the region with a platform where Arab s can voice their concerns and it would also be an international music platform. Targeting huge youth crowd in Middle East was also one of the main constituent of MTVs strategy to enter Middle East. MTV targeted the youth group of age 12 to 24 and presented it egotism as a fabric of youth culture.MTV Arabia involved itself in extensive research of the market and data collection which enabled the channel to respond audience miscellanea and different cultures. Understanding the next generation was also at the heart of MTVN, for which it had to engage itself in continuous market research, which was one of the characters of MTVs strategy in Middle East.MTV also pushed itself as cultural unifying force in a region known for its political tensions. The countries in the Middle East are known for having cross border tensions, MTV Arabia market itself in a way to become unifying force between the Middle Eastern countries with the help of an international platform for music.MTVN had to face competition from approximately fifty music channels operating in Middle East. They had to come up with a strategy to market them self in the market in a way which go out help them attract audience. This strategy was being unique and different from the existing music channels choosing differentiation. In differentiation strategies, the emphasis is on creating value through sustainable uniqueness as noted by Harrison, J. S. John, G. H. S. (2010).Even after the launch of MTV Arabia they mum carried on conquering the market. MTV-AMG launched Nickelodeon Arabia in 2008, as part of the strategy to build a portfolio of integrated kids businesses across the region.MTV Global Expansion StrategyOne of the major steps by MTVN was its first overseas channel in Europe in 1987 and the international arm. International arm MTVI, by the mid-1990s launched a strategy of think orbicularly, act locally and then expanding to MTV Australia, MTV Asia, MTV India, MTV China, MTV Germany and other par t of the world.MTV Arabia was a part of MTVNs global expansion strategy the brands known for its global expansion. The core of the global expansion policy was the same slogan think globally, act locally. This enabled the brand to conquer international markets like China, Australia and Europe, but Middle East posed a bigger challenge.In 2006 MTVI served to an audience of one billion and expanded its operations in 179 countries which included operations in Latin America, Europe and other parts of the world.At one time MTVI operated more than 130 channels, websites along with broadband services in more than 25 languages.By the end of 2007 MTVI had become the major network of Viacom Inc. with more than 140 channels around the world catering to a potential 1.5 billion viewers globally.The following table-1 represents their different websites operated by MTV in different parts of the worldTable MTV Worldwide WebsitesMTV Worldwide1MTV Adria14MTV France27MTV Malaysia40MTV Slovenia2MTV Afri ca15MTV Germany28MTV MENA41MTV Spain3MTV Asia16MTV Hits UK Ireland29MTV Netherlands42MTV Sweden4MTV Australia17MTV Hungry30MTV Networks Europe43MTV Switzerland5MTV Base UK Ireland18MTV Idol France31MTV newfound Zealand44MTV Taiwan6MTV Belgium19MTV India32MTV Norway45MTV Thailand7MTV Canada20MTV Israel33MTV Philippines46MTV Turkey8MTV Czech Republic21MTV Italy34MTV Poland47MTV UK Ireland9MTV China22MTV Japan35MTV Portugal48MTV Ukraine10MTV Croatia23MTV Korea36MTV Romania49MTV2 UK11MTV Denmark24MTV Latin America37MTV Russia12MTV Europe25MTV Latin America Revolution38MTV Serbia13MTV Finland26MTV LIVE39MTV Singapore thus shows the strategic solicitude of MTVN to think globally and act locally, catering their website, TV channel and the music according to the requirements and needs of every market. They take each port of the world locally developing different set of strategies for every country with the same core strategy of think globally and act locally.MTVs localization StrategyA localization strategy could be easily explained as the strategy which emphasizes on increasing profitability by catering the companys products or services so that they provide a product which is catered to the tastes and preferences of the local market as noted by Hill, C. Jones, G. R. (2010).MTV has a different localization strategy for every part of the world, the management at MTV understands the cultural differences across borders and they have a different localization strategy catered to according to the culture of the specific country. The company has different websites for each part of the world they are operating catered to the local culture of the community as shown by table-1.MTVs localization strategy also involved tying up with local channels and learning local culture and differences and then over time acquiring local channels. Like in early 2000s MTV entered Australia and joint ventured with Austereo (commercial radio network in the country and later on acquired Aust ereo. This strategy is also used in the case of Middle East where MTV used Showtime Arabia before entering the market and aired its reality shows and music with Arabic Subtitle. Later on MTVN joint ventured with AMG to launch MTV Arabia.MTV Arabias localization strategy involves followingEnglish programs with subtitles in the local languageArabic version of International Music and Reality ShowsNot to export American CultureMeeting political and government leadersMTVN launched programs with subtitles in Arabic with the help of Showtime Arabia and also used the strategy of meeting political figures and higher authorities as they did in China, Israel and Cuba. This strategy always turn out happy for MTVN in all their recent entries to all the different parts of the world.Another major constituent of the localization strategy was not to export American culture helping the brand to fight its American image. To strategically develop products localized to Arab culture MTV Arabia had a de centralized structure with commercial and creative impropriety to the local staff, this enabled MTV Arabia to come up with programs catered to the local culture. MTV Arabias launch aggroup had six members and they were Saudis, Palestinians, Emiratis, Iraqis, and Lebanese. This local mix helped MTV Arabia fight their American image and air globally successful music shows but with a local flavour to suit the Arab mindset.Strategy of providing Mixed Content to the MarketMTVs mixed content strategy included airing threescore percent international music and twoscore percent Arabic music, along with the local version of the channels popular international non-music shows. Producing at least forty five percent of the content locally was at the heart of MTVs mixed content strategy.For the same reason MTV Arabia had a local launch team which produced the local content. MTVN had conducted extensive market research by going to colleges and universities and interviewing higher authorities an d parents collecting data vital for the channel to reach its target of producing forty five percent of the content locally.MTV has used providing mixed content strategy in India and China and other parts of the world as well hence the company already had the expertise of producing mixed content. Decentralization provided exactly what was required for the local market and it had all the ingredients for MTV Arabia to be successful in Middle East.MTV and its winner in Middle EastMTVs extensive experience in the global market enables them to cater their localization strategy and provide localized material which will certainly help MTV Arabia to be successful in the market as the Middle East market has youth as the major portion of the market. MTV Arabia targeting youth and actively engaging youth by providing them a platform to voice their concerns and to promote Arabian music is all what is required a market like Middle East.Another major reason for MTV Arabias success would be its ima ge in the market, during data collection MTVN discovered that majority of the respondents thought that MTV was an Indian or European brand. Hence brand does not have to work as much as was the gimmick in the market that MTVN is an American brand and it will have to face tough cultural complexities in the market. The local launch team has provided answers to all such questions and now the brand is as localized as it could be.MTVN conducted surveys targeting the 18 to 24 age group and travelling around the Middle East to schools and university campuses for data collection, qualitative data also collected by interviewing figures of permit and elderly people, including speaking to government leaders and parents which will be a major reason for channels success in the Middle EastRespecting Arab traditions and cover no disrespect to the local culture also providing a platform for Arab Music and culture is another factor in the success of MTV Arabia.Encouraging fosterage and looking for solutions to problems like unemployment was another factor in the success of MTV Arabia and will help in future. Such initiatives help sending a positive sign of the zodiac about the brand in the market and the audiences starts accepting an relating themselves with the brand, which will be a major factor in success of MTV in the Middle East. entirely the international programmes which are aired by MTV Arabia are edited to cater cultural needs and requirements, music videos and reality shows are also edited to take care they are aligned with the cultural ethos prevailing in the Middle East. All these factors helped MTV Arabia to be more localized and exceptive for the Muslim audience in Middle East.Too much localisation can dilute the brand MTV Arabia kept the balance in not to dilute the brand entirely by keeping sixty percent of the content international. This strategy also proved vital and it also incorporated respecting local cultures without diluting the brand.MTV Arabia focu sed on providing the youth with a platform where they can voice their concerns and also show their music talent was something which will help the brand to be successful in the Middle East Market.

The Current Status of Health Care Reform :: Health Care Reform, Health Care, Healthcare, USA,

Health Care Reform is a concern for people that have health insurance, for those that deposet afford health insurance and the price of healthcare for all of us. There are the difference views on Health Care Reform The healthcare view, the public opinion and The House and the Senate.The Center for Medicare and Medicaid will withhold 2% of base payments that would serve as incentive payments to hospital based on their match performance score derived from separate domains. The current domains include process measure, outcome and patient satisfaction. The Senate bill also requires a comprehensive review of the hospital net profit index. Our cost problems, affect not only the federal budge deficit, but also individual American businesses and household. Only be aligning payment models crossways public and private systems will we both address federal spending and make the health care system more affordable for all Americans (The new-sprung(prenominal) England Journal of Medicine)B oth House and Senate versions identify excess payments based on performance of risk-adjusted re-admissions rates for AMI, Heart Failure and Pneumonia. The Center for Medicaid and Medicare would recoup excess payments by discounting future payments with cuts capped at a certain percentage of total payments. In effort to go beyond fixing fee-for service payments, the proposed legislation includes election models include bundled payments to c everyplace the range of services related to a defined medical condition global fees to cover the entire cost of care (regardless of the setting) over an extended period for a person with a condition such as cancer extra payments for patient-center primary care delivered through medical crime syndicate and the rewarding of Accountable Care Organizations for achieving the desired performance in caring for a defined population over the course of the year. (Medicare Payment Advisory Commission. Reforming the words system. Report to Congress) (Fis her ES)For providing episode of care for services provided three days prior to the admission, during the admission and 30 days after discharge. The service would include acute care, doc services provided inside and outside the hospital, outpatient services, post acute care services, including home health, inpatient rehabilitation, long term care hospital and others. Participating organization would require to submit data and specific measure, including measure of functional improvement, rates of avoidable hospitalization, incidence of hospital acquired infections and efficiency. An independent evaluation would review the extent to which the a vanish the selected quality of measures, improved health outcomes, improved beneficiary access to care and reduced Medicare spending.

San Gabriel River and its drainage problems :: essays research papers fc

In 1938, the San Gabriel Mountains (Los Angeles, USA) experienced heavy amounts of rain. This then led to mass movement, such(prenominal) as mudslides, and flash flooding, which flushed through belt downtown LA, damaging buildings, homes and vehicles. After these events, a flood committee was formed, and networks of hard defences were set up a abundant the long profile of the San Gabriel River. The aim decrease the hydrograph, and reduce the risk of flooding.In the upper course of the San Gabriel River, the San Gabriel Dam was built. This is a filtering dam, and uses sluice gates to prevent large boulders from progressing down river. By doing this, the amount of sediment in the river decreases, which reduces the possibility of flooding from high sediment yield, and in the case of a flood, there will be no harmfully large sediment. Problems, however, are that the velocity of the river increased as there is less load to carry, which makes the erosion process scarce, as attrition and corrasion cannot inquire place. Also the riverbed and slip-off slopes of the river are very weak and can erode easily from hydraulic action. Then there are open dam systems, resembling Santa Fe and Maddock, where the river is stored and filtered of its sediment. This shares the same benefits of the sluice gates, however, it means no natural levees can form on the riverbanks. Further downstream, there are large control dams and stilted diversion-zone river basins, like the Wittier Narrows. When the river begins to flood, the control dams close, and form a barrier. This completely prevents the river from flowing downstream. The water system is then detoured into the artificial basins, like the Wittier Narrows where it is stored until the river returns to its normal level. Then the control dams gradually re-release the stored water into the stream flow. This is effective as it prevents the flooding entering the downtown area. It also allows for things like hydroelectric power and wa ter supply to be easily obtainable, without affecting the main river flow itself for too long. This problem is that this can lead to the starvation of habitats living alongside the river, as there is no water flow.

The Little Prince Essay -- Art Literature Papers

The exact PrinceIn Art as Technique Russian formalist Viktor Shklovsky introduces defamiliarisation as a literary device to back up readers regain our sensation of things, which we take over become unaw ar of, as our perception gets automatised through habitualisation (Shklovsky, 20). Shklovsky then goes on to engage in a discussion of the methodologies employ in creating the effect of defamiliarisation, treating defamiliarisation as purely a technique of art. However this may be an oversimplification of the concept of defamiliarisation, which is based upon certain principles of perception, and perception is in turn a exchange component of cordial cognition. Hence, it is the aim of this paper to explore the relations between the effect of defamiliarisation and the social cognitive elements of perception. Through the implement of Antoine de Saint-Exuprys The lesser Prince, the defamiliarisation effect lav be explained by the non-conformation of its elements of discourse, name ly genre, character filter, social setting and the use of poetic language, to the cognitive structures of prototypes, schemas and heuristics held by the adult reader. For those who are unfamiliar with the story of The Little Prince, this narrative depicts the adventures of a little prince from a distant star as he embarks on a journey to half-dozen other planets. He finds, quarantined on each planet, a king with only a rat as his subject, a conceited man, a drinker, a business man who experience stars, a lamplighter forever lighting and extinguishing a single street lamp, and a geographer who does non explore his own planet. finally the little prince makes his way to Earth, where he meets a fox and learns to tame it. Upon roaming about the desert, the little prince chances upon ... ...ation, however, is that it is subjective, depending on the type of reader of the narrative, as well as the social context which the reader is socialized into. Hence, while The Little Prince is a ble to create a defamiliarising effect on its adult readers, it may or may not be able to defamiliarise its children readers utilise the same elements of discourse. Works CitedHoward, Judith A. Social Cognition. Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology. Massachussetts Allyn & Bacon. 1995. 90-117.Neale, Stephen. Expectation and Verisimilitude. Excerpted from Questions of Genre. Film Genre commentator II. Ed. Barry Keith Grant. Austin U of Texas P. 1995. 159-183.Saint-Exupry, de Antoine. The Little Prince. London Penguin, 1998.Shklovsky, Victor. Art as Technique. Modern Criticism and Theory A Reader. Ed. David Lodge. Harlow Longman, 1988. 15-30. The Little Prince Essay -- Art literary works PapersThe Little PrinceIn Art as Technique Russian formalist Viktor Shklovsky introduces defamiliarisation as a literary device to help readers regain our sensation of things, which we have become unaware of, as our perception gets automatised through habitualisation (Shklo vsky, 20). Shklovsky then goes on to engage in a discussion of the methodologies employed in creating the effect of defamiliarisation, treating defamiliarisation as purely a technique of art. However this may be an oversimplification of the concept of defamiliarisation, which is based upon certain principles of perception, and perception is in turn a central component of social cognition. Hence, it is the aim of this paper to explore the relations between the effect of defamiliarisation and the social cognitive elements of perception. Through the use of Antoine de Saint-Exuprys The Little Prince, the defamiliarisation effect can be explained by the non-conformation of its elements of discourse, namely genre, character filter, social setting and the use of poetic language, to the cognitive structures of prototypes, schemas and heuristics held by the adult reader. For those who are unfamiliar with the story of The Little Prince, this narrative depicts the adventures of a little prince from a distant star as he embarks on a journey to six other planets. He finds, isolated on each planet, a king with only a rat as his subject, a conceited man, a drinker, a business man who own stars, a lamplighter forever lighting and extinguishing a single street lamp, and a geographer who does not explore his own planet. Finally the little prince makes his way to Earth, where he meets a fox and learns to tame it. Upon roaming about the desert, the little prince chances upon ... ...ation, however, is that it is subjective, depending on the type of reader of the narrative, as well as the social context which the reader is socialised into. Hence, while The Little Prince is able to create a defamiliarising effect on its adult readers, it may or may not be able to defamiliarise its children readers using the same elements of discourse. Works CitedHoward, Judith A. Social Cognition. Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology. Massachussetts Allyn & Bacon. 1995. 90-117.Neale, Step hen. Expectation and Verisimilitude. Excerpted from Questions of Genre. Film Genre Reader II. Ed. Barry Keith Grant. Austin U of Texas P. 1995. 159-183.Saint-Exupry, de Antoine. The Little Prince. London Penguin, 1998.Shklovsky, Victor. Art as Technique. Modern Criticism and Theory A Reader. Ed. David Lodge. Harlow Longman, 1988. 15-30.

Substance Abuse in the Workplace Essay -- Illegal Drugs Alcohol Addict

Substance twist around in the WorkplaceSubstance abuse in the employment is one of the top concerns in the UnitedStates today. Studies depict that 73 percent of drug users are employed, costingAmeri evict businesses billions of dollars annually in lost production and staffing costs(Walsh). Due to higher employment evaluate and rising substance abuse, the chancesthat your organization employs one of these 8.1 million workers is greater today than ithas been in the past several years (Walsh). Studies also reveal that employees whoabuse drugs nurse a tremendously harmful effect on the workplace. They are morelikely to have extended absences from work, show up late, be involved in workplaceaccidents, and file workers compensation claims. Substance abuse includes anythingfrom drug use, such as cocaine and heroin, to alcohol abuse. Before I start to discuss the different ways to get control of substance abuse Iwould like to give you a small background of the impact of substance abuse on theworld today. The department of labor has gathered some of the following informationand statistics to show the world how it is being affected Substance abuse in the workplace costs are estimated at $100 billion dollars annually. Alcoholism causes 500 million lost work days each year. Drug-using employees at GM total 40 days of sick leave each year compared to 4.5 days for non-users. In Ohio substance abuse treatment has shown significant improvements - 91% decrease in absenteeism. - 88% decrease in problems with supervisors. - 93% decrease in mistakes in work. - 97% decrease in on-the-job injuries.Page 2As you can see substance abuse is a very ser... ... the warning signs and implement a policy to attack theproblem. Most likely it is going on even out under your nose and you do not even know it.Take the time to step back and help your employees, the people that really make adifference to your company. You never know it might save you money. Bibliography Works CitedCampbell, Reginald L. Substance Abuse in the Workplace. new-made York Mcgraw Hill,1990. Harris, Michael. Human Resource Managment A practical Approach. New YorkDryden Press, 1997. Largent, Richard J. Preventing Substance Abuse in the Workplace. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996.Loomis, Loyd. Drug Testing A Workplace Guide to Designing Practical Policies.Chicago BNA Plus, 1990.Walsh, Michael J. Drug and Alcohol Abuse in the Workplace. New York TargetInvestment Inc., 1996.

The Blood is on Our Hands Essay -- Essays Papers

The Blood is on Our HandsThe two main tribes that occupy the vast land of Rwanda, Africa are the Tutsi and Hutu tribes. According to David Rieff, reference of Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, Rwanda gained its independence from France a little over forty years ago and the territory has been involved in or been on the verge of a civil war between the two tribes ever since. During most of the colonial period the Tutsis had ascendancy because of the influence of the Banzugu, the white French man. The Banzugu plainly occupied about unrivaled percent of the population but they obtained most of the material wealth within Rwanda. The Banzugu separated the Hutus from the Tutsis socially based on there physical features. The Tutsis were thought to be the superior tribe because of their non-African appearance, pale skin and their aquiline noses. Since the beginning of their tribal existence the two tribes have lived next to one another, believed in the same religion an d spoke the same language. After Rwanda gained its independence from France the Tutsis held the majority of the power and authority. The Tutsis only held the control for a short period of epoch before the Hutus took control. When the Hutus took control many Tutsis fled Rwanda in fear of their lives or stayed and were murdered (1-2). This was just a preview of the rage to come in April of 1994. About golf club months before the massacre broke out the governments involved in the peacekeeping agreement signed what was called the Arusha Accords. This treaty was to be an international agreement to help control the constant battling between the Hutus and the Tutsis. On August 4, 1993 only five short days before the funding to the Rwandan government was revoked, Presi... ...f 1994 in Rwanda in the amount of cadence it would have taken you to read this paper over fifty-five innocent people would have been put to deathWorks CitedBurkhalter, Holly J. The Question of Genocide The Clinton cheek and Rwanda. World Policy Journal 11.4 (1994) 44-55.Byrne, Louise. Doctors Battle to Contain Cholera in Rwandan Camps. British Medical Journal 309 (1994) 289Des Forges, Alison, et al. Leave None to Tell the horizontal surface Genocide in Rwanda. New York International, 1999.Gourevitch, Philip. We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow We Will be Killed with Our Families Stories from Rwanda. New York Farrar, 1998.Ignatieff, Michael. The Next Presidents Duty to Intervene. New York measure 13 Feb.2000, late ed., sec. 4 17.Rieff, David. Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. The New Republic 214 (1996) 27-37.