Knowledge Management Essay

It involves applying the collective knowledge and abilities of the entire workforce to achieve specific organizational objectives. State agencies should feel free to adapt and use information and tools on the following pages as necessary within their organization. It is provided to be a starting point for sharing knowledge and experience, allowing those who remain with the organization to continue providing quality service. Capturing and sharing critical knowledge and expertise should be occurring continuously among employees. In many cases, however, it is not and this need becomes pressing when a valued employee is preparing to retire or change positions. When an organization is considering implementing a knowledge transfer plan it is important to answer several questions: 1. Is the organization going to fill the vacant position or reassign the duties? 2. Are all the duties of the position still important to the mission of the organization? 3. Is there a need to update the position description? 4. Will the position change, remain as is, or be eliminated once the employee leaves? What is knowledge transfer? David DeLong’s book â€Å"Lost Knowledge† describes knowledge as the â€Å"capacity for effective actions or decision-making in the context of organizational activity†. Accordingly, lost knowledge would decrease this vital capacity and help undermine organizational effectiveness and performance. The goal of transferring knowledge to others [known as Knowledge Transfer] is to: 1. Identify key positions and people where potential knowledge loss is most imminent. 2. Assess how critical the knowledge loss will be. Develop a plan of action to ensure the capture of that critical knowledge and a plan of action to transfer it. Why is knowledge transfer important? A significant percentage of the state’s workforce is nearing retirement age over the next ten years. These employees have acquired a tremendous amount of knowledge about how things work, how to get things done and who to go to when problems arise. Losing their expertise and experience could significantly reduce efficiency, resulting in costly mistakes, unexpected quality problems, or significant disruptions in services and/or performance. In addition, faster turnover among younger employees and more competitive recruiting and compensation packages add significantly to the mounting concern about the state’s ability to sustain acceptable levels of performance. What are the benefits of a knowledge transfer program? Knowledge transfer [KT] programs prevent critical knowledge loss by focusing on key areas. Some of the immediate benefits of KT programs are: 1. They provide reusable documentation of the knowledge required in certain positions or job roles. 2. They result in immediate learning and knowledge transfer when carried out by individuals who can either use the transferred knowledge themselves or have responsibility for hiring, training, mentoring, coaching or managing people within an organizational unit. 3. They reduce the impact of employee departure. 4. They integrate staffing, training, job and organization redesign, process improvements and other responses. 5. They aid in succession planning. 6. They prevent the loss of knowledge held only in employees’ heads when they leave the organization or retire. They enhance career development. Generally Accepted Definitions for Knowledge Management and Transfer Knowledge Management (KM) refers to practices used by organizations to find, create, and distribute knowledge for reuse, awareness, and learning across the organization. Knowledge Management programs are typically tied to organizational objectives and are intended to lead to the achievement of specific outcomes such as shared intelligence, improved performance, or higher levels of innovation. Knowledge Transfer (an aspect of Knowledge Management) has always existed in one form or another through on-the-job discussions with peers, apprenticeship, and maintenance of agency libraries, professional training and mentoring programs. Since the late twentieth century, technology has played a vital role in Knowledge Transfer through the creation of knowledge bases, expert systems, and other knowledge repositories. To understand knowledge management and knowledge transfer, it is helpful to examine the differences between data, information, and knowledge. Data is discrete, objective facts. Data is the raw material for creating information. By itself, data carries no judgment, interpretation or meaning. Information is data that is organized, patterned and/or categorized. It has been sorted, analyzed and displayed, and is communicated through various means. Information changes the way a person perceives something, thus, affecting judgment or behavior. Knowledge is what is known. It is richer and more meaningful than information. Knowledge is gained through experience, reasoning, intuition, and learning. Because knowledge is intuitive, it is difficult to structure, can be hard to capture on machines, and is a challenge to transfer. We often speak of a â€Å"knowledgeable person,† and by that we mean someone who is well informed, and thoroughly versed in a given area. We expand our knowledge when others share theirs with us. We create new knowledge when we pool our knowledge together.

Advertising Print Essay

It is my great pleasure to take this opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of number of people who helped me in successful completing of this project. Firstly I would like to express my heartily gratitude and sincere thanks to Mr. Agarwal Sir for allowing me to do this project and gratefully acknowledge the contribution by him without his support and valuable suggestion this project could not be successful. I offer my heart self regards to Mrs Aradhana Albert for her continuous guidance, monitoring and informal discussion which become light for me in the entire duration of this project in overcoming the barrier and reaching this stage. Finally I am sincerely thankful to others who have directly or indirectly helped me in the completion of the project. (SHILPA JINDAL) 1|Page PREFACE The title of my project is ETHICAL ISSUES IN ADVERTISING. Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor So basically advertising is a mass communications device through which companies promote or market their product to the consumer, and this enables them to make informed consumption decisions. As now a days advertisements have a very great impact on the consumer’s behavior; it plays very important role in our Indian economy directly or indirectly. so if it become unethical it leads our society in wrong direction. To overcome these problems certain ethical standards are set up by the government and I want to throw a light on this only. As it is a very wide field so here I am restricted to the electronic media only. We have to think about this unethical problem and this wrong presentation of business. So that we can give good ethics to our youngsters. 2|Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TITLE The title of the project is â€Å"ETHICAL ISSUES IN ADVERTISEMENT†. Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor. INTRODUCTION Advertising plays an important part in our everyday lives as it enables us to choose between different ranges of products. These products are promoted through different types of advertisements and cater to all types of markets. On the other hand advertising is plagued with social and ethical issues as it results in over consumption and waste of resources. Advertising creates an environment where it abuses certain values and interests that are not universally agreed upon. For example in 2001 Yves Saint Laurent launched a fragrance called ‘Opium which featured a naked model. This stirred controversy and people found it offensive and sex was being used openly to promote a perfume. For a fashion magazine the advertisement was fine but for billboards it was inappropriate and some social groups found it morally and ethically wrong. Some times advertising draws mixed response from the public, while sometimes it becomes controversial. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY Many advertisements are designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinvention of the â€Å"brand image†. For these purposes, advertisements sometimes embed their persuasive message with factual information. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including television, radio, cinema, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet, carrier bags and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization. 3|Page Advertising is a powerful communication force, highly visible and one of the most important tools of marketing communication that helps to sell products, services, ideas and images etc. Many believe that advertising reflects the need of the times. Whether one likes it or not, advertisements are everywhere. They are seen on the walls, on the back of buses, in play grounds, on the occasion of sports event, on roadsides, in the stores and even on aeroplanes. Advertisements are seen in newspapers, in magazines, on the television, on internet and are even heard on radio. The fact is that we are being bombarded with advertisements day in and day out from all imaginable media. The average consumer is exposed to a very large number of advertisements every day, particularly the urban and semi urban population. In spite of this, to the dismay and irritation of some and enjoyment of others, advertisement will continue to make their presence felt in our lives and influence our lives in many unsuspecting ways because of rapid changes in macro- environment and in our perception, impressions, feelings, attitudes and behaviour. It seems almost impossible to remain totally neutral and not take any notice of modern-day advertising. The most visible part of the advertising process is the advertisements that we see, read, or hear and praise or criticise. Many suitable adjectives are used to describe advertising, depending on how an individual is reacting, such as great, dynamic, alluring, fascinating, annoying, boring, intrusive, irritating and offensive, etc. METHODOLOGY For completing this project the required information or the raw data is gathered from the sources like websites , journals, magazines ,text books etc which is the most difficult task of this project making as it is the most time consuming process. but overall this topic is quite interesting to gain knowledge about the ethics in ads the controversial ads also. The purpose of taking this topic is that in the present scenario advertisement has a great impact on the consumer’s behavior so if it becomes unethical it will lead the society in the wrong direction. To overcome these problems certain ethical standards are set up by 4|Page the government or regulation bodies and i want to throw a light on this only. Ethics basically refers to what is right, good or consistent with virtue. Advertising generates complex ethical questions which have to be considered, as this mode of communication commits some highly controversial ethical acts which are damaging to the society as a whole. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Here I am restricted to the ethical issues of advertisement related to television media only as this subject has a very wide arena to be focused on. Her I just want to know that how much these set standards are successful in maintaining the dignity of the Indian’s beliefs and their feeling. 5|Page RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TITLE – Ethical Issues In Advertising Advertising is a form of communication that typically attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or service. Ethics refers to principles that define behavior as right, good and proper. Such principles do not always dictate a single â€Å"moral† course of action, but provide a means of evaluating and deciding among competing options. In the present scenario advertisement has a great impact on the consumer’s behavior so if it becomes unethical it will lead the society in the wrong direction. To overcome these problems certain ethical standards are set up by the government or regulation bodies. DURATION OF PROJECT This is a very long term project so we have been provided with a period of one month for the completion. To make it easy this period was bifurcated into various sections of making blue print, abstract, collecting primary data, secondary data, making preliminary report, secondary report and final report at the end which makes the whole process easy to attempt. OBJECTIVE Advertising plays an important part in our everyday lives as it enables us to choose between different ranges of products. These products are promoted through different types of advertisements and cater to all types of markets. On the other hand advertising is 6|Page plagued with social and ethical issues as it results in over consumption and waste of resources. ‘Advertising creates an environment where it abuses certain values and interests that are not universally agreed upon. Advertisements as Mirrors of prevailing norms Marketers claim that advertising simply mirrors the attitudes and values of the surrounding culture. No doubt advertising, like the media of social communications in general, does act as a mirror. But, also like media in general. It is a mirror that helps shape the reality it reflects, and sometimes it presents a distorted image of reality. Advertisers are selective about the values and attitudes to be fostered and encouraged, promoting some while ignoring others The purpose of taking this topic is that in the present scenario advertisement has a great impact on the consumer’s behavior so if it becomes unethical it will lead the society in the wrong direction. To overcome these problems certain ethical standards are set up by the government or regulation bodies and I want to throw a light on this only. I can differentiate my objectives for taking this topic as follows: †¢ To know the various ethical marketing strategies of the market leaders. †¢ To know how can we make a ethical advertisement. †¢ To know the impact of unethical advertisement on the society. †¢ To enhance my marketing skills. †¢ To know the role of advertisement in the success of any organization. TYPE OF RESEARCH As I took the data from magazines , books, internet links , journals and news papers. It is research of descriptive type. SCOPE OF STUDY Advertising is a powerful communication force, highly visible and one of the most important tools of marketing communication that helps to sell products, services, ideas and images etc. Many believe that advertising reflects the need of the times. Whether one likes it or not, advertisements are everywhere. They are seen on the walls, on the back of 7|Page buses, in play grounds, on the occasion of sports event, on roadsides, in the stores and even on aero planes. Advertisements are seen in newspapers, in magazines, on the television, on internet and are even heard on radio. Here I am focusing mainly on the media as a source of advertising. The fact is that we are being bombarded with advertisements day in and day out from all imaginable media. The average consumer is exposed to a very large number of advertisements everyday, particularly the urban and semi urban population. In spite of this, to the dismay and irritation of some and enjoyment of others, advertisement will continue to make their presence felt in our lives and influence our lives in many unsuspecting ways because of rapid changes in macro- environment and in our perception, impressions, feelings, attitudes and behaviors. It seems almost impossible to remain totally neutral and not take any notice of modern-day advertising. The most visible part of the advertising process is the advertisements that we see, read, or hear and praise or criticize. 8|Page CORE STUDY INTRODUCTION Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor So basically advertising is a mass communications device through which companies promote or market their product to the consumer, and this enables them to make informed consumption decisions. Advertising is a powerful communication force, highly visible and one of the most important tools of marketing communication that helps to sell products, services, ideas and images etc. Many believe that advertising reflects the need of the times. Whether one likes it or not, advertisements are everywhere. They are seen on the walls, on the back of buses, in play grounds, on the occasion of sports event, on roadsides, in the stores and even on aeroplanes. Advertisements are seen in newspapers, in magazines, on the television, on internet and are even heard on radio. The fact is that we are being bombarded with advertisements day in and day out from all imaginable media. The average consumer is exposed to a very large number of advertisements everyday, particularly the urban and semi urban population. In spite of this, to the dismay and irritation of some and enjoyment of others, advertisement will continue to make their presence felt in our lives and influence our lives in many unsuspecting ways because of rapid changes in macro- environment and in our perception, impressions, feelings, attitudes and behaviour. It seems almost impossible to remain totally neutral and not take any notice of modern-day advertising. The most visible part of the advertising process is the advertisements that we see, read, or hear and praise or criticise. Many suitable 9|Page adjectives are used to describe advertising, depending on how an individual is reacting, such as great, dynamic, alluring, fascinating, annoying, boring, intrusive, irritating and offensive, etc. Advertising plays an important part in our everyday lives as it enables us to choose between different ranges of products. These products are promoted through different types of advertisements and cater to all types of markets. . Advertising enables producers to expand their markets and therefore take advantage of economies of scale to reduce unit production costs Many advertisements are designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinvention of the â€Å"brand image†. For these purposes, advertisements sometimes embed their persuasive message with factual information. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including television, radio, cinema, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet, carrier bags and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization. On the other hand advertising is plagued with social and ethical issues as it results in over consumption and waste of resources. ‘Ethics basically refers to what is right, good or consistent with virtue. Advertising generates complex ethical questions which have to be considered, as this mode of communication commits some highly controversial ethical acts which are damaging to the society as a whole. It promotes overselling, exploitation of vulnerable groups, vulgarity, offending the public, promoting socially harmful values or behavior and intrusion of privacy. Advertising creates an environment where it abuses certain values and interests that are not universally agreed upon. For example in 2001 Yves Saint Laurent launched a fragrance called ‘Opium which featured a naked model. This stirred controversy and people found it offensive and sex was being used openly to promote a perfume. For a fashion magazine the advertisement was fine but for billboards it was inappropriate and 10 | P a g e some social groups found it morally and ethically wrong. Some times advertising draws mixed response from the public, while sometimes it becomes controversial. NEED OF ADVERTISING Advertising is the promotion of a company’s products and services carried out primarily to drive sales of the products and services but also to build a brand identity and communicate changes or new product /services to the customers. Advertising has become an essential element of the corporate world and hence the companies allot a considerable amount of revenues as their advertising budget. There are several reasons for advertising some of which are as follows: †¢ Increasing the sales of the product/service †¢ Creating and maintaining a brand identity or brand image. †¢ Communicating a change in the existing product line. †¢ Introduction of a new product or service. †¢ Increasing the buzz-value of the brand or the company. Significance of Advertising Basically advertising creates wants but does not fulfill them, a person may see an advertisement for a product, it might be glossy and fancy and he might be attracted to buy the product. He might eventually buy it but it will not satisfy him it will just be a waste. It’s a short term material satisfaction which just drives the economy by over consumption of goods and services. It keeps the consumer in doubt about what to buy and in what quantities and this doubt in turn has ethical implications. Four reasons are attributed to the fugacious nature of the way advertising practices are being carried out in developing countries. 11 | P a g e 1. The role of Information and Communication technologies: As ICTs evolve so do marketing practices. If yesterday it was television that revolutionized the way advertisements could create a lasting impact on the consumer, then today the internet and phone text messages are doing just that. 2. The world today is an increasingly global village: Social and ethnic boundaries are fast falling in the wake of cable television and the like. 3. Rapid economic expansions in countries like China and India have meant that marketers have to quickly respond to the changing socio-economic scenarios. Millions of people have entered the middle class and millions more are poised to do so. For marketers, the consequences can be mind boggling-as incomes and spending powers rise, marketers have to respond to increasing demands from consumers. 4. Better and improved marketing research has meant that the entire populace is not seen in totality but rather as a congeries of different types of consumers. TYPES OF ADVERTISING There can be several branches of advertising. Mentioned below are the various categories or types of advertising. 12 | P a g e Celebrity Broadcast advertising Advertising Print OutdoorAdvertising Advertising TYPES OF Infomercials ADVERTISING Public Service Advertising Covert Advertising Surrogate Advertising 13 | P a g e 1. Print Advertising – Newspapers, Magazines, Brochures, and Fliers and less popular newspaper would cost far less than placing an advertisement in a popular newspaper The print media have always been a popular advertising medium. Advertising products via newspapers or magazines is a common practice. In addition to this, the print media also offers options like promotional brochures and fliers for advertising purposes. Often the newspapers and the magazines sell the advertising space according to the area occupied by the advertisement, the position of the advertisement (front page/middle page), as well as the readership of the publications. For instance an advertisement in a relatively new with a high readership. The price of print ads also depend on the supplement in which they appear, for example an advertisement in the glossy supplement costs way higher than that in the newspaper supplement which uses a mediocre quality paper. 2. Outdoor Advertising–Billboards, Kiosks, Tradeshows and Events 14 | P a g e Outdoor advertising is also a very popular form of advertising, which makes use of several tools and techniques to attract the customers outdoors. The most common examples of outdoor advertising are billboards, kiosks, and also several events and tradeshows organized by the company. The billboard advertising is very popular however has to be really terse and catchy in order to grab the attention of the passersby. The kiosks not only provide an easy outlet for the company products but also make for an effective advertising tool to promote the company’s products. Organizing several events or sponsoring them makes for an excellent advertising opportunity. The company can organize trade fairs, or even exhibitions for advertising their products. If not this, the company can organize several events that are closely associated with their field. For instance a company that manufactures sports utilities can sponsor a sports tournament to advertise its products. 3. Broadcast advertising – Television, Radio and the Internet The radio jingles have been very popular advertising media and have a large impact on the audience, which is evident in the fact that many people still remember and enjoy the popular radio jingles Broadcast advertising is a very popular advertising medium that constitutes of several 15 | P a g e branches like television, radio or the Internet. Television advertisements have been very popular ever since they have been introduced. The cost of television advertising often depends on the duration of the advertisement, the time of broadcast (prime time/peak time), and of course the popularity of the television channel on which the advertisement is going to be broadcasted. The radio might have lost its charm owing to the new age media however the radio remains to be the choice of small-scale advertisers. 4. Covert Advertising – Advertising in Movies Covert advertising is a unique kind of advertising in which a product or a particular brand is incorporated in some entertainment and media channels like movies, television shows or even sports. There is no commercial in the entertainment but the brand or the product is Subtly ( or sometimes evidently) showcased in the entertainment show. Some of the famous examples for this sort of advertising have to be the appearance of brand Nokia which is displayed on Tom Cruise’s phone in the movie Minority Report, or the use of Cadillac cars in the movie Matrix Reloaded. 16 | P a g e surrogate Common examples include of Fosters and Kingfisher beer help Indirectly brands, which are often seen Advertising to promote their brand with – the Advertising advertising. 5. Surrogate Surrogate advertising is prominently seen in cases where advertising a particular product is banned by law. Advertisement for products like cigarettes or alcohol which are injurious to heath are prohibited by law in several countries and hence these companies have to come up with several other products that might have the same advertising as an effective energy communication medium to convey AIDS, socially relevant messaged about like 17 | P a g e important matters and social welfare causes Causes integrity, – Advertising for Social political 6. Public Service Advertising conservation, bottles of the same brand. deforestation, illiteracy, poverty and people of the cigarettes or beer so on. ent or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Text Box Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box. ] brand name and indirectly remind Today public service advertising has been increasingly used in a non-commercial fashion in several countries across the world in order to promote various social causes. In USA, the radio and television stations are granted on the basis of a fixed amount of Public service advertisements aired by the channel. 7. Celebrity Advertising 18 | P a g e and the modern day consumer getting immune to the exaggerated claims made in a majority of advertisements, there exist a section of advertisers that Using celebrities for advertising involves signing up celebrities for advertising campaigns, which consist of all sorts of advertising including, television ads or even print advertisements. Although the audience is getting smarter and smarter still bank upon celebrities and their popularity for advertising their products. Infomercials There are two types of infomercials, described as long form and short form. Long form infomercials have a time length of 30 minutes. Short form infomercials are 30 seconds to 2 minutes long. Infomercials are also known as direct response television (DRTV) commercials or direct response marketing. The main objective in an infomercial is to create an impulse purchase, so that the consumer sees the presentation and then immediately buys the product through the advertised toll-free telephone number or website. Infomercials describe, display, and 19 | P a g e often demonstrate products and their features, and commonly have testimonials from consumers and industry professionals. ETHICS 1. INTRODUCTION In this era of globalization &multinational competition, ethical practices in business are assuming importance as relationships with various suppliers& customers are shaped by ethical practices& mutual trust. So, ethical decision taking assumes importance in today’s corporate world. 2. What Is Ethics? Ethics refers to principles that define behavior as right, good and proper. Such principles do not always dictate a single â€Å"moral† course of action, but provide a means of evaluating and deciding among competing options. The terms â€Å"ethics† and â€Å"values† are not interchangeable. Ethics is concerned with how a moral person should behave, whereas values are the inner judgments that determine how a person actually behaves. Values concern ethics when they pertain to beliefs about what is right and wrong. Most values, however, have nothing to do with ethics. For instance, the desire for health and wealth are values, but not ethical values. 3. The Importance of Universality Most people have convictions about what is right and wrong based on religious beliefs, cultural roots, family background, personal experiences, laws, organizational values, professional norms and political habits. These are not the best values to make ethical decisions by — not because they are unimportant, but because they are not universal. In 20 | P a g e contrast to consensus ethical values — such basics as trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship — personal and professional beliefs vary over time, among cultures and among members of the same society. They are a source of continuous historical disagreement, even wars. There is nothing wrong with having strong personal and professional moral convictions about right and wrong, but unfortunately, some people are â€Å"moral imperialists† who seek to impose their personal moral judgments on others. The universal ethical value of respect for others dictates honoring the dignity and autonomy of each person and cautions against selfrighteousness in areas of legitimate controversy. 4. Why Be Ethical? People have lots of reasons for being ethical: †¢ There is inner benefit. Virtue is its own reward. †¢ There is personal advantage. It is prudent to be ethical. It’s good business. †¢ There is approval. Being ethical leads to self-esteem, the admiration of loved ones and the respect of peers. †¢ There is religion. Good behavior can please or help serve a deity. †¢ There is habit. Ethical actions can fit in with upbringing or training. There are obstacles to being ethical, which include: †¢ The ethics of self-interest When the motivation for ethical behavior is self-interest, decision-making is reduced to risk-reward calculations. If the risks from ethical behavior are high – or the risks from unethical behavior are low and the reward is high – moral principles succumb to expediency. †¢ This is not a small problem 21 | P a g e Many people cheat on exams, lie on resumes, and distort or falsify facts at work. The real test of our ethics is whether we are willing to do the right thing even when it is not in our self-interest. †¢ The pursuit of happiness It depends on how one defines happiness. Our values, what we prize and desire, determine what we think will make us happy. We are free to pursue material goals and physical sensations, but that alone rarely (if ever) leads to enduring happiness. It more often results in a lonely, disconnected, meaningless existence. The morally mature individual finds happiness in grander pursuits than money, status, sex and mood-altering substances. A deeper satisfaction lies in honoring universal ethical values, that is, values that people everywhere believe should inform behavior. That unity between principled belief and honorable behavior is the foundation for real happiness. †¢ Ethical Principle in Advertising All advertising should be legal, decent, honest and truthful. Every advertisement should be prepared with a due sense of social responsibility and should conform to the principles of fair competition, as generally accepted in business. No advertisement should be such as to impair public confidence in advertising. †¢ Decency Advertisements should not contain statements or visual presentations which offend prevailing standards of decency †¢ Honesty Advertisements should be so framed as not to abuse the trust of consumers or exploit their lack of experience or knowledge. †¢ Social Responsibility 22 | P a g e 1. Advertisements should not condone any form of discrimination, including that based upon race, national origin, religion, sex or age, nor should they in any way undermine human dignity. 2. Advertisements should not (without justifiable reason) play on fear. 3. Advertisements should not appear to condone or incite violence, or to encourage unlawful or reprehensible behavior. 4. Advertisements should not play on superstition. †¢ Truthful presentation Advertisements should not contain any statement or visual presentation which directly or by implication, omission, ambiguity or exaggerated claim is likely to mislead the consumer, in particular with regard to: 1. characteristics such as: nature, composition, method and date of manufacture, range of use, efficiency and performance, quantity, commercial or geographical origin or environmental impact; 2. the value of the product and the total price actually to be paid; 3. delivery, exchange, return, repair and maintenance; 4. terms of guarantee; 5. copyright and industrial property rights such as patents, trade marks, designs and models and trade names; 6. official recognition or approval, awards of medals, prizes and diplomas; 7. the extent of benefits for charitable causes. 8. Advertisements should not misuse research results or quotations from technical and scientific publications. Statistics should not be so presented as to exaggerate the validity of advertising claims. Scientific terms should not be used to falsely ascribe scientific validity to advertising claims. †¢ Comparisons 23 | P a g e Advertisements containing comparisons should be so designed that the comparison is not likely to mislead, and should comply with the principles of fair competition. Points of comparison should be based on facts that can be substantiated and should not be unfairly selected. †¢ Unassembled Merchandise When advertised merchandise requires partial or complete assembly by the purchaser, the advertising should disclose that fact, e. g. , â€Å"unassembled,† â€Å"partial assembly required. † †¢ Testimonials Advertisements should not contain or refer to any testimonial or endorsement unless it is genuine, verifiable, relevant and based on personal experience or knowledge. Testimonials or endorsements that have become obsolete or misleading through passage of time should not be used †¢ Portrayal or imitation of personal property Advertisements should not portray or refer to any persons, whether in a private or a public capacity, unless prior permission has been obtained; nor should advertisements without prior permission depict or refer to any person’s property in a way likely to convey the impression of a personal endorsement. †¢ Exploitation of goodwill Advertisements should not make unjustifiable use of the name, initials, logo and/or trademarks of another firm, company or institution nor should advertisements in any way take undue advantage of another firm, person or institution’s goodwill in its name, trade name or other intellectual property, nor should advertisements take advantage of the goodwill earned by other advertising campaigns. †¢ Imitation 24 | P a g e 1. Advertisements should not imitate the general layout, text, slogan, visual presentation, music and sound effects, etc. , of any other advertisements in a way that is likely to mislead or confuse the consumer. 2. Where advertisers have established distinctive advertising campaigns in one or more countries, other advertisers should not unduly imitate these campaigns in the other countries where the former may operate, thus preventing them from extending their campaigns within a reasonable period of time to such countries

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Project management - Essay Example The respondents comprise the management, middle- and low-level management staff of a global organization. Confidentiality is afforded the respondents. The values of the particular group of people are one form of influence on the organizational culture. There are two cultural systems present in a global organization, but are essentially separate: the national culture and the corporate or organizational culture. Cultural differences are present in global organizations. Most low-rank employees can be recruited in the country where business is built. These people have their culture apart from the culture in the organization which in turn forms another culture. Managers and employees working in an international environment are obviously subject to the impact of multi-country, regional and global change and dynamism than managers in a single-country operation. Managers should be fully aware of the culture’s values and what behaviors or actions those values support in order to take advantage of an existing cultural system. Employees and managers should develop a deep understanding of how organizational values operate in the firm. The study of multi-cultural influences in an organization is a concern of International HRM. Multiculturalism is an outcome of globalization. These organizations are global in context; meaning their operation, corporate set-up, orientation, are internationalized. The process of decision-making, including strategic decision-making, is clearly influenced by cultural factors. The collection of information, its interpretation, the dynamics of the group making the decision and the contextual constraints under which decision-makers work are all influenced to a greater or lesser degree by the culture of those involved. (Cray & Mallory, 1998, p 71) Communication failure between expatriates and local employees may arise from a number of factors, such as differences with regards to cultural adjustment

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Business Law - Essay Example e scenario Abigail has no actual financial or other damages as a result of the contract, she might have been awarded damages if she had sued and won against the seller. Since the seller had failed to deliver the new car to Abigail as agreed in the contract, he would have been liable for material breach which would have permitted Abigail to either compel him to performance or collect damages as a result (Stone 25). Abigail would have been awarded special damages; special damages are awarded to a claimant as a result of a breach for the quantifiable monetary losses that he or she may suffered as a result of the breach. This would have included compensation for direct loss or consequential losses if she would have proved that failure by the seller to deliver the car had caused her economic loss. Basically, the damages would have either sought to compensate her for direct loss or to place her in the position she would have been if the contract had not been breached (Stone

Legal and Ethical Aspects of Medication Administration Case Study Essay

Legal and Ethical Aspects of Medication Administration Case Study - Essay Example cases, the charges are being considered by the state, whereas in the third case, the nurse who made the error was sentenced to the probation of two years. I would take the position with the plaintiffs in the first and third case. Whatever the case is, it is the responsibility of the health providers to provide best medical services to the patients and with full care and attention. Patients come to health providers for medical care. They do not expect such blunders from them which can even take their lives. Therefore, charges should be made against the people involved in medical errors to make them and others aware of the consequences of showing negligence, as well as to make them feel their responsibility. However, in the second case, the pharmacy technician should be held responsible because he/she was the one who stocked incorrect medicine for infants. All three errors made in the cases described in the article could have been prevented if the clinical staff would have shown some responsibility. For example, in the first case, the person responsible for providing the medical care should have checked the patient at the right time instead of letting her wait for a long time. It is clear that she forgot to check her within time because making a patient wait for almost two hours does not make any sense. In the second case, the chances of prevention of error were less because nurses usually use the medicine stored in the right places. Pharmacy technician could have prevented this error by placing the right medicine at the right place. Moreover, in the third case, the error could have been prevented if a senior gynecologist would have supervised the medical procedure instead of letting the nurse perform the complex medical procedure on her own. In the first case, the primacy of the needs of patients surrounds the case because a nurse should feel the responsibility of providing correct care to the patient at the correct time. Section 2.1 (primacy of the patient’s

Behavior Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Behavior - Case Study Example In general, Clawson begins by talking about insecurities about self and the world around that start to develop when individuals do not get what they expect and/or are used to (p.3). Childhood experiences have a deep impact on individuals’ behavior and expectations. When individuals do not get what they believe is their right, it affects them negatively. To understand people for the way they behave, this article explains that most of the times behavior is defined by the individual’s experiences of their childhood. The learning obtained from this aspect is that it is not required for one to feel offended or betrayed because of somebody’s behavior that was not as expected; instead, it would be better to understand why that person behaved the way he/she did. It is more often due to some problems or challenges the other person might be facing, which he/she is unable to express. These problems are being referred to as â€Å"holes† in personality by Clawson (p.3) . Clawson further adds that it is important to move on instead of clinging to the issues that left us dissatisfied. When we decide to move on, we free our mind of negative thoughts and feelings, which is important for our wellbeing. Clawson talks about memes, which can have significant impact on our beliefs. Memes are mental building blocks that determine our behavior as they shape our beliefs; however, these memes are temporary. So, it is important to identify memes and not allow these memes to affect relationships because of their impact on persons’ behavior. A very important learning in general is that our actions or reactions to the happenings around us are purely because of our choice and are not because of any external influence (p.9). So, if we choose to be happy we can, and if we choose to be negative affected by the circumstances, we can. So, all negative feelings are because of our own choice, which can be controlled through thoughtful approach to the difficult time s of life. Our personal set of Values, Assumptions, Beliefs and Expectations (VABE) determine our view of the world and circumstances rather than the reality of the circumstances. These VABEs vary with every individual, culture, country and religion. These VABEs determine the behavior of individuals (Clawson, p.14). In a family, it is important to learn that what we learn and experience as children, up to an age of 10, determine our values in later life even if the situations completely change. So, it becomes important as to what the parents, guardians, teachers etc instil in children through behavior and observation that would eventually determine their life values. Moreover, it is important to keep in mind that our behavior is influenced by our actions, thoughts, feelings and physiology (p.10). Memes are also important because these memes will have a significant impact on children’s beliefs and behavior. Family is the first source of memes in an individual’s life and determine the lifestyle (Renshaw, p.11). Clawson’s article provides numerous points of learning for leaders. Firstly, leaders have the responsibility of influencing and motivating followers towards accomplishing a desired task (Pierce, p.257). In these contexts, for leaders, Clawson (p.5) justifies that it would be ideally impossible to effectively lead with expectations of being able to completely influence their followers. This is because all individuals’

Design Process and Appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Design Process and Appraisal - Essay Example Materials: The original bridge was constructed from granite stones but the in the second bridge latest technology at that time was used and concrete beams and slabs were used along with concrete piers for the construction. Along with the reinforced concrete the architectural work is done by grey Cornish granite and Portland Stone. Opinion about the design The use of reinforced concrete beams under the footways and the road supported by slabs is a very good design by strength point of view but if we consider the aesthetics and the building heritage of London the original design of the bridge should have been preserved by using arches. This would also have eliminated the need of the cantilevers which are present now. The design calls for supporting beams only at the outside edges, which is actually a very good feature as it lets light enter the underside of the bridge which makes it very pleasant for the river traffic. To guard against the possibility of subsidence from scour the piers are given jacks which can be used to level the structure. The architecture of the bridge is also important and in order to preserve the building architecture of London various stones, mainly the Portland stone has been used in cladding. Millennium Bridge Type of Bridge: Steel Suspension Bridge Purpose: To facilitate pedestrians crossing river Thames in London Age: 9 years Dimensions: The width of the bridge is 4 meters (13 ft) and the total length is 325 meters (1066 ft). It can support 5000 people on it at a time. Materials: The Millennium Bridge is mainly constructed of steel with steel cables and steel armatures. The transverse arms are also made of steel while the deck of the bridge is made of aluminum as it is a very light metal and the use of aluminum in the deck has reduced the load on the armatures and cables. Opinion about the design The design of the millennium bridge is basically steel suspension design which initially posed some problems and the bridge was ultimately cl osed just after 2 days of its 1st opening due the intense vibrations due to resonance. But the corrections were made later during a period of 2 years. The use of aluminum deck is the best feature of the design in my opinion because since it is a pedestrian bridge the strength of the deck is not an issue here so in order to make the design cost efficient and sustainable the loads on the cables and armature have been lessened by the use of aluminum in the deck which is a very light material as compared to steel or concrete. Moreover while designing a bridge entirely of metallic structure proper considerations should be given to the design as the modifications are very difficult and costly in nature as the case of the millennium bridge tells in which the bridge was closed for 2 years and an additional cost of 5 million pounds was spent on the modifications. Tower Bridge Type of Bridge: Bascule and suspension bridge Purpose: Tower Bridge is basically a road bridge for usual traffic Age: 116 years 7 months Dimensions: The total length is 286.5 meters. The two side-spans are suspension bridges, each 270Â  feet (82Â  m) long. The pedestrian walkways are 143Â  feet (44Â  m) above the river at high tide. Materials: The towers are made of steel whi

Factors affecting learners behaviour in Gauteng Special schools Essay

Factors affecting learners behaviour in Gauteng Special schools - Essay Example The challenges of intellectual disabilities, especially in their early stages, have become a priority because of the initial intangibility of the problems. Indeed, the multifaceted and multilateral aspects of intellectual disabilities are not only complex by nature, but they also need socio-psychological interventions to understand and interpret. In addition, the behavioral problems of pupils with intellectual disabilities is an important issue that needs to be looked at from the wider perspective of social development. While the special schools are doing commendable work for these learners, the increasingly worsening behaviour of pupils with developmental disabilities has become a major concern. Special teaching methods to promote learning are needed, as are behaviour plans both to monitor and to assess behaviour, and to develop coping strategies for both teacher and student so that learning can occur. Thus, the research would focus on identifying factors that affect learnersâ€℠¢ behaviour in the special schools, especially in Gauteng, South Africa. 2.Keywords: severe intellectual disability, special school, inclusive education, support system, learning disability, social model of discussion. 3.Background Intellectual disability can be described as a ‘learning difficulty that is characterized by limitations in various skill areas. These may include limitations in self-care, daily living, social interaction, judgment and self-direction (IHC Inc;Philosophy and Policy 1996:p5). Some forms of intellectual disability, i.e. severe autism, become evident in early childhood. Other forms take longer, and may manifest at school age (Notbohm, 2005, preface). In contemporary times, the concept of disability has moved beyond the constraints of the medical terminology and has embraces a socially relevant stance, keeping the needs of the learners as the main objective in all their policies and plans. Terzi (2004) believes that the social model is a powerful and imp ortant reminder for people at large to face issues of inclusion vis-a-vis persons with disabilities. Inclusion of the disadvantaged population, he believes, is a fundamental as well as a moral issue. World Health Organization (2005) reports that people with disabilities are important contributors to society, and that allocating resources to their rehabilitation would be an investment. Hence, measures that support their integration into mainstream society become highly pertinent issues within the development agenda of nations. The inclusion of disabled students can be broadly described as efforts to increase the participation of children with disability in the school by expanding course curricula to incorporate their needs (Booth & Ainscow, 1998). Thus, inclusion ensures that students with special needs are provided with opportunities to imbibe education and become capable of contributing to the society as a whole. In inclusion, students with special needs are integrated into the mai nstream school without much changes within the school environment (Minto, 2007; Mittler, 2000). The special schools in South Africa have shown great determination to promote education amongst children and adults with disabilities. There have been significant reforms in the education system with the National Education Policy Act of 1996 and the South

Ecosystem Succession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ecosystem Succession - Essay Example The Classical model of ecological succession shows that the "structural complexity and organization of an ecosystem increase and mature over time as succession progresses." The natural cycle of progression according to this model is shown below. The model above shows the natural cycle of progression of an ecosystem. The early successional stage is characterized by a few "pioneer species" and net community production is greater than respiration. The next mature stage shows an increase in species diversity, biomass, nutrients, food chains, and net production is equal to respiration. The succession slows down when it reaches equilibrium at the level of "climax" community. "Autogenic Succession is self-driven, resulting from the interaction between organisms and their environment." There are two types of autogenic succession. Primary Succession occurs on virgin or newly formed substrates, such as lava flows, alluvial deposits, newly exposed rock faces and glacial moraines. (Mackenzie, Ball and Virdee 2001) the Glacier Bay and Krakatau sequences are examples of Primary Succession. "Secondary succession occurs on disturbed ground where vegetation cover has been disturbed by external environmental factors like humans, animals or by fire, wind, floods. Succession from bare moraine to mature coniferous forest has been shown in areas left bare by the retreating ice in Glacier Bay, South East Alaska. This is a prime example of primary succession. Current estimates have shown that it takes 250 years for mature forest to develop from bare moraine. (Packam, Harding, Hilton, Stuttard 1992) The process involves colonization of the nutrient poor clay by mosses and shallow-rooted herbaceous species like mountain avens (Dryas sp.). These early species alter the soil conditions facilitating the colonization by new species. Nitrogen fixation is a free process in succession. Litter accumulation helps in soil development, which aids colonization by shrub and eventually tree species like Cottonwood and Hemlock. Marble is present in the area and the soil parent material shows a pH of 8.0 - 8.4. The development of Sitka Alder has a strong acidifying effect leading to a fall in pH from 8.0 to 5.0 approximately within 30-50 years. Alder nodules also fix atmospheric nitrogen, and the increase in nitrogen values of the soil is crucial to the initial establishment of Sitka Spruce. The Spruce eventually displaces the Alder, and it leads to a mature Sitka Spruce-Hemlock forest. In another 1250 years, the mature forest changes to Sphagnum-dominated muskeg bog in suitable sites. Krakatau Another example of Primary Succession is the Krakatau group, which lies over an orogenic hot spot in between Java and Sumatra. After the explosion in 1883, the present successional sequence was started on Rakata, and the smaller islands of Rakata Kecil and Sertung. Here volcanic ash sterilized the whole area. But the successional sequence, which started with a few blades of grass on Rakata in 1884, has led to a lush tropical forest over the century. The pioneer species included

The Dales to the Border Essay Example for Free

The Dales to the Border Essay The Northumberland and Durham coalfield is the second most important in England. The large reserves of coal, which are used to operate electric power stations, made the North grow enormously. Iron and steel: there is a large production of iron and steel, which provides the raw material for machinery, heavy engineering and ship building. Textile industry: the woolen industry is largely concentrated in a small group of towns in Yorkshire, among the hills and valleys of the Pennines. The cotton industry is situated in Lancashire. Chemical industry: it is expanding rapidly. The basic elements are: salt, potassium, calcium and petroleum. The end products are: fibers, plastics and fertilizers. 3) Tourism: there are holiday resorts in the Lake District. There are also some historical places in the North. Coal mining Coal mining Tourism Tourism Textile industry and farming Textile industry and farming Important cities: York Yorvik was the capital of a Viking kingdom. In medieval times, it was the second city of the land. In York tourists can find glorious churches, ancient narrow streets, old houses and welcoming pubs. Micklegate in York, England The walls surrounding the city of York are fine examples of medieval fortification. The walls remain largely intact. Micklegate, spanning the road to the south, was one of four gates guarding the main roads in and out of the city. In the Yorkshire moors lies the village of Haworth, where there is a parsonage that is said to be haunted by the ghosts of the Brontes. Along the ancient street the ghosts of the three sisters, Charlotte, Emily and Anne walk among the crowds. Branwell, their brother, still sits silently in the corner of and old pub. Leeds: It is an industrial city which is famous for its clothing and leather industry. It is a river port (the Aire) and it has a well-known university. Leeds, a city located in northern England on the Aire River, is a major center for the manufacture and wholesale trade of clothing. Carlisle It is an important route centre. Hadrian’s Wall is a historical landmark. This wall, which stretches from Newcastle to Carlisle, was built by the Romans to control commerce as customs office and to protect people from the barbarian invasions. Castle in Carlisle Hadrian’s Wall, ancient Roman stone and masonry wall, constructed to protect the northern boundary of Roman Britain against hostile tribes. Emperor Hadrian of Rome ordered its construction around ad 122. The wall extended 117 km from Solway Firth to the mouth of the Tyne River and was about 6 m high and about 2. 4 m wide. The wall also marked the frontier of Roman civil jurisdiction. A few sections of Hadrians Wall remain standing in present-day Great Britain. Island Holy Island, also called Lindisfarne, a small island off the coast of Northumberland, England, 5 sq km in area. Holy Island is connected with the mainland at low tide by a causeway. A monastery was established on Holy Island in 635 by Saint Aidan and a group of Celtic monks, who produced the elaborately decorated Lindisfarne Gospels. The island became the religious center of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. In 1093 the monastery was reestablished by Benedictine monks from Durham, and the island has since been continuously occupied. Today, Holy Island is a bird sanctuary along with the neighboring rock islets of Farne.

Innovation Strategy Implementation And Managing Changes

Innovation Strategy Implementation And Managing Changes Innovation strategy implementation and managing the changes across the organization has become one of the tedious tasks. This project completely deals with the innovation strategies and the organizational structure change management strategies followed by few organizations like Nestle, Vodafone, JP Morgan, Nokia and IBM. To study the innovation strategies of these companies, basic innovation steps taken by them at their organization level and the level of collaborations are considered and these strategies are evaluated. Each and every organization has their own strategies of innovation and managing the changes and each of them are investigated as per the project objectives. Change in the organization structure can lead to many strategic changes across the organization and these need to be handled in a perfect manner. Open Innovation is the common innovation strategy followed by most of these organizations and with the perfect implementation of this innovation method will help in bala ncing the structural changes of the organization. This project report completely concentrates on the OpenInnovation methods followed by the mentioned organizations and the success factors recorded with respect to this method of implementation (Brummer, 2007). Innovation based products are advertised and now a days, a lot of significance is placed on innovation based products. Attitudes of the companies are discussed and in order to evaluate the innovation of the companies, innovation based products are very important. First, check how innovation management is strong in the companies which means to what extent the companies receive money on their innovation based products. Second, check whether the Research and Development departments are strong in the companies or not. Investigate and assess the business links by means of new technologies of markets, politics, industrial production processes, R D policies, investments, immaterial property rights, business models and technology trends (Coldrick, 2005). The company bearing its growth and opinions are understandable by the correspondents. A perfect combination of systematic understanding and technology helps in proper implementation of Innovation across the organizations. Balancing the technology and business management may result in some conflicts across the different departments of the organization. Different components of Innovation can be mixed to avoid the vauge operations of the organistation. The respective markets are identified and they are converted to a well educated systems by means of innovation journalists, and their principal interests (L. KieÅ‚tyka, 2008). Even there are many disputes across the journalism school and the innovation journalists approached to start a fresh professional communities. The basic ideas of innovation are considered and the corresponding companies are encouraged to frame their own ideas with the help of media. Success of any organization purely depends on the innovation strategies followed by them and they are considered as the factors to measure the success by any investor of the organization (Gustafsson, 2005). Chapter 3: Case Study Analysis: 3.1 Nestle: Nestle which is initially a traditional organization has recently changed into a perfect organizational structure. Nestle has accomplished transformations that shows a cognitive impact on the employees as well as the normal people. These developments are not made without any hard work or effort. Nestle has decided to adopt extreme implementations within the firm, as it has found many problems with the hierarchy level of the company. In order to keep up the education level of the employee and to expect for more accomplishment, Nestle has decided to extend the employees and provide better benefits to them. Even many restrictions exist in the pyramid model of the company. Career paths are the restrictions that do not encourage the creative ability, only rising support. The innovative offerings are implemented only from the peak in a pyramid type of organizational structure. Instead of fresh and innovative thoughts experience is preferred for support or promotion. Implementing this kind of organizational structure causes employees to be dedicated to their bosses, which in turn causes healthy competition within complete organization (Braun, 2002). Any organisaton should follow a set of innovation strategies to survive in the market. Currently Nestle is following a predefined strategies and if they could improve the innovation strategies they can reach their organizational goals. Recently Nestle introduced the concept of Open Innovation and in this process they integrated the external and internal ideas with in the management and the integrated ideas are posted across the technical frame work once the top level management approves these ideas and finally they are introduced in to the market place. Based on this OI strategy Nestle has set a goal to become No.1 in Food industry and they are taking the relavent steps in regard to this. To implement these changes Nestle has introduced few changes in different departments like Technical, RD and Customer centric patterns.(Carolyn Ott). Nestle has appointed around 5000 employees across RD departments thorug out the world with an investment of CHF 1.88 billion (Swiss Francs) in 2007. A part from the development in RD department Nestle has focused on Collabration programs with some other organizations and these collaborations include Simple contracts across the reseach field More than 140 collabrations with different universities Implementing Strategic Innovation partnership with other organizations (Breen, 2004). Innovation was ambitious by 15 % in Nestles Research and development investments in Beverages and Food. Also 7.5% increase in the matter of consumer facing marketing expenses in regular currencies. And the main drives of the organization growth can be a 70% growth in the products of Nestles Food and Beverages (West, 2008). Nestle belives in producing the product values to get the targetted profit rate and to achive this Nestle has created a set of innovation strategies to the stakeholders. So that it can improve the business in the best way to produce nutrition food products, health and wellness offerings and also it can improve performance further. Nestle is having greater belief that it can follow right strategy and initiatives to achieve greater success. Nestle is always looking for the quality of the foods and products and quality of life for the customers with specific nutritional needs. By following strategy and innovation needs, Nestle can be defined by its business models interms of new marketing, service offered, sales and distribution channels, advertising and also by the new loyal policies. Business models can be defined interms of technology portfolio, management team and also by the business industries who are seeking venture capital. Recently Nestle has introduced the concept of integrating the innovation skills to Leadership. A set of Leaders from different departments are identified and they were made to train each and every employee of the respective organisation regarding the latest strategies that were implmented across the organisation. Apart from the Leadership strategies, Nestle has concentrated on different product development and they have implemented few marketing strategies to reach the consumer satisfaction. It has introduced a concept called CustomerNeeds where all the customer needs are identified and analysed and the required strategies are changed as per the customer feedback and the innovation plans are changed accrodingly. Nestle has implemented an innovation concept called IdeaStore where all the ideas from different levels of management are collabrated with in the organisation. Different partners of the organisation are trained with the latest innovation strategies of the company for a course of 2 days and a typical IdeaStore holds the key information about the latest innovation strategies implemented by the organisation. Nestle strongly believes that professionalism is a key to success, and that needs to be implemented in a responsible manner by its employees and management. So recruitment of the right people and their development with the ongoing training is very important. Nestle is following all these strategies and getting success in its field. In each of its market Nestle follows and respects all applicable local laws (Stuckenschmidt, 2007). 3.2 Vodafone: Vodafone has recently changed its organizational structure in 2008 and defined a set of roles and responsibilities across its team and the hierarchy is as below Group CEO Chief of Staff CEO of European region CEO of Asia-pacific and middle east region CEO of Central European and Africa region Based on this division of roles among the CEOs it could successfully manage all of the region employees and able to bring them on same platform and with this implementation Vodafone has concentrated on the local markets and improve the customer service quality. Following are few achievements of Vodafone after the successful implementation of Organisation structure Improved the ability to deliver seamless corporation across the multinational corporations Facilitated 3G services to the customers Simpilified decision making (A.T. Kearney, 2005). Vodafone is one of the successful business organizations. Five key strategic objectives set out by Vodafone, are considered as the landscape in the telecommunication industry. Vodafone is having drastic changes in the matter of consumers increasingly seeking products and services that can meet the communication needs completely. Vodafone is having a wanted desire for values and simplicity, intensifying prices, increasing technology and also pressures which are common and regular. Here are the five strategic objectives: Stimulate revenue and reduce costs In emerging markets deliver strong growth Deliver and innovate on customers total communication needs To maximize results actively participate and manage the portfolio To implement the strategies that can improve the coordination between customers and organisation In the series of presentation, now a days Vodafone is outlining its approaches to produce on these five strategic objectives (Stathel, 2009). Cost reduction: By reducing costs of the services Vodafone can increase the customers, so that the business can run successfully. Vodafone in Europe follows the strategies like cost reduction and revenue stimulation. These strategies give a more mature mobile market place. By implementing the cost cutting methods across the voice, message and data services, Vodafone has fetched more number of customers across the market. By resulting in operating expenditure savings, group overheads can also be reduced and expected reduction can be estimated. By doing changes in the technology and services Vodafone is successful in its field (Manson, 2003). Market rate: By delivering strong development in up-and-coming markets, Emerging markets are predictable to produce an increasing proportion of Vodafones development or growth in the next five years. Out performance against the original business cases, and significant growth in the markets are targeted by the Vodafone for recent acquisitions. Benefits of establishing a dedicated business can be highlighted by Vodafone in its restructuring announcement and focused on capturing growth in these markets. Robust performance can be highlighted by the Vodafone in its emerging markets portfolio which can be done with its continuous strong growth profile (L. Rutkowski, 2006). Based on the customer needs and feedback, Vodafone has changed the innovation strategies. Vodafone is having a belief that its approach of mobile centric can be attained by satisfying total needs of the customers and also by providing basic performances like mobility and personalization to the customers. Vodafone has implemented a set of practice code as per the requirements from customer services. Vodafone can provide data communication services and also mobile voice services in different countries. It provides roaming services in undergoing an agreement with other mobile services in addition with the services like broadband and fixed line services. It also expanded internationally in some countries by the acquisition of the existing mobile operators. It provided world class service even to the cutomers of the developing countries. For example, recently vodafone had undertaken 67 percent of hutchison-essar telecommuntion shares in India. By doing so it became the second largest cellular operator in terms of revenue in India. Vodafone has implemented an innovation concept and opened few stores known as Widgest shops, where it has provided call rellaying to the customers, providing a dedicated channel to the customers and unlimited data usage(Stathel, 2009). Marketing: Marketing strategies followed by Vodafone has made the company a leader in its field. Vodafone follows the knowledgeble way to get good market rates by reducing prices. It had attracted more number of customers by introducing low cost packages than its competitors. It had even attracted customers from all communities by providing superior quality of service and suitable packages. By providing contractual sales of handsets it had binded many customers to its network. It had made a tremendous mark in the history of advertising by introducing innovative methods like zoo-zoo ads in India. All this made vodafone to be a pioneer in telecommunication industry all over the world (A. SokoÅ‚owski, 2007). Vodafone has introduced an innovation concept known as Joint Innovation Lab, where different service providers are integrated to share their ideas and these companies include Vodafone, Verizon Wireless, China Mobile and Softbank Mobile. All the four companies use to implement the innovation strategies and develop mobile services and data services as per the customer requirements. JIL will launch new attracting services to the customers as per the technical changes across the market and introduces all new strategies to attract the mobile internet users. Consumers can interact with the global innovation groups and share their ideas with the integrated companies (Piller, 2006). 3.3 JP Morgan: JP Morgan has introduced a change in its organization structure recently to improve the quality of services provided to its customers. The main intention behind introducing the change is to open few centers of excellence that provide the best of products trading across all the regions. This organization change has effected the JP Morgans Treasury services and it could now able to deliver the world class market leading trading services and supply chain management services. It has appointed almost 100 new supply chain management leaders with few senior management people to implement the proposed organization change. JP Morgan chase co is one of the leading banks in the banking sector worldwide. By following different strategies and the structural changes reflecting the strategy, JP Morgan is successful in its way. JP Morgans performance initiative centres which are around three themes which can be given as Sales force and customer development: In this particular process the general problems of sales can be defined. Project managenment Supply chain management (A. ņºoÅ‚nierski, 2006). These can maintain the balance in between long-term objectives to short term objectives. Based on the above mentioned stages, the performance and the outputs will become more efficient. One can achieve strategy through balancing competing values by increasing stakeholders value as the main goal or primary goal of the business. To maximize economic value, it must balance customer satisfaction, growth considerations and competitive market forces with internal costs (Riedl, 2009). JP morgan implemented the innovation strategies in integration with the technology and has come up with few modules of innovation and they are discussed as below Athena: Athena is the most innovative technical tool from JP Morgan where it can be used to estimate the cross marketing and trading process of the organization and this system is used across most of the foreign exchange and commodities systems. ComputeBackbone (CBC): JP Morgan has introduced a much sophisticated technical advent known as ComputeBackbone where it can make use of more than 5000 CUPs in a grid at a time and this can be considered as the best innovation step taken by JP Morgan. Core Process Reengineering : JP Morgan has introduced an innovative process known as Core Process Reengineering where it can improve the quality of project life cycle and cross-asset performance. This process can be used for better data change management. To enhance the clients service experiences across the technical innovation, JPMorgan has conducted a research and developed a model known as Three-pronged strategy and this is implemented by the organization for service related process enhancement. First the capabilities of the firm are extended under the E-care program.Many web-based capabilities are included in this program and this program also includes integration of service into clients work flow. The company has introduced the internet services to balance the evolution of services related to cash management to a web-based environment. Using this E-care program the client can send and receive information through additional channels flexibly. This program also provides a facility of making easier to answer, by providing direct obtaining or retrieveing of information from a storage device (repositories) and increase clarity through a wide range of information.The client is also provided with an automated inquiry tracking system to better identify the relative position of the service request and to gather service quality reports.These offerings of this E-care program increases the efficiency, develops control, and allows client to enhance accuracy by avoiding data re-keying. It also works as a possible result, so client can gain information at anytime and at any location. Furtherly JPMorgan will also offer the clients the ability to reach service staff live at anytime in online process. Secondly, to make flawless execution a certainity, JPMorgan has automated this E-care accomplishing process by tracking every component of it using technology.Atlast, the organization is developing its automated process for controlling inquiries by progressing recent functionality and complementary tools that will then increase service effectiveness.The motive of this is to allow client or the staff to be active in performing root-cause analyses and recognizing the possibilities that help the client to enhance directly through a prescribed procedure or to avoid time waste on inquiries. The crucial part to JPMorgans process is its accurate methods for searching processes and products to make modifications that give better results.The company looks forward to the clients to get an improvement in quality of end-to-end service, for example, in some inquiries,flawlessly controlled accomplishments and many other choices with in available channels for initiating service contact (Ogawa, 2006). 3.4 Nokia: Right organizational structure is very essential in every organization to achieve success with out which even its strategy cannot be successful. So the structure needs to be planned in a proper way. Nokia has a number of collaborations and merges initially and due to this there are many changes in its basic organization structure. Nokia concentrates on two main aspects before it implements any technical change across the organization and they are as below Does the organization has technical core competency to manage the change Does the organization has sufficient time to implement the required change If the answers to these two questions are negative, then Nokia will try for a new collaboration and outsourcing the change. To improve the innovation strategies across the organization, Nokia introduced a simple method where the market shifts and drop in the market shares are diverted to the customer satisfaction funds and thus improving that particular department and this process has the following benifits To drive strategy , resources can be allocated with greater ability To make sure that the relavent information is escalated to the right people at right time regarding the innovation strategies. In the financial performance it gives a greater transparency of its technologies and key products which can reflect the effectiveness of the strategy . Nokia has used innovation network to deal with the changing technologies, likely in mobile phones. In mobile manufacturing industry, innovation technologies are particularly very important where product life cycle is short and the technology changes rapidly. Large companies need to be competent in the global economy in such a way that the firm remains competitive, which challenges the firm to develop innovative methods (Miles, 2009). It can be divided into three questions: On product development with whom, on what and why Nokia collaborate? To explore or exploit the new technologies and how does Nokia use technologies for the transformation of its business? Till what part does Nokia fit the open innovation paradigm in the overall business strategy?. (A. Arundel, 2006). Nokia is also implementing the Open Innovation methods these days to integrate the external and internal ideas with in the organization together. Nokia venturing Organisation is focusing on different profitable ventures across different organizations to innovate the new business proposals. Nokia Venture partners are focusing on investing across the mobile and I/P related business activities. Nokia has started a Research center where it has collaborated with around 500 research associates for the perfect implementation of Innovation. It has started a News letter named OpenThread where all the innovation strategies followed by Nokia are published in form of different articles. ForumNokia is the technical forum developed by Nokia and provides space for different users where they can share ideas, comments and technical aspects of mobile usage. Hence we can say that Nokia is making use of Open Innovation to create new products and technologies across the mobile market (Gemunden, 2007). IBM: To manage the organizational structure change, IBM has conducted a worldwide survey with the data of around 1500 multinational organizations and came up with a perfect conclusion report. The main reasons for these changes would be because of implementing the customer satisfaction services, to grow the revenue and sales. Even the effect of globalization and change in technology would lead to the organization changes in terms of innovation. As per IBM, there are five important traits in the organization change and they are listed below Hungry for change Innovation beyond the customer imagination Global integration Disruptive by nature and Genuine, but not generous (P. Drucker, 2007). IBM has made the structural change as its core competency with in the organisation and it was successful in implementing the strategies through it. IBM has listed few key factors to manage the change successfully and they are as below Perfect Leadership Employee management Honest communication (Longo, 2007). To improve the business across the globe IBM has introduced a new innovation method known as ABC, where A is Allignment, B is boundaries and C is Commitment. Alignment: Alignment mainly concentrates on communicating the business strategies to the end users and stakeholders. This particular alignment can be further categorized in to vertical and horizaontal, where the vertical alignment deals with the translation of business innovation strategies in to organization strategies and creates an implementation plan and once this plan is ready, the implementation procedures are done. Horizontal alignment always creates a new organization unit or modifies the existing ones. By integrating the horizontal and vertical alignment, innovation leaders can motivate the behavioral aspects of the customers. Boundaries: In most of the cases, strategic partnerships fail because they are typical to manage and collaborate different ideas. The common areas where these collaborations fail will be in the terms of decision making, legal agreements, cross cultures and ownership rights. Identifying a best partner will make these problems to be solved and these partners include potential customers, suppliers and government groups. History and culture should be taken in to account as the partnership terms will be for longtime and understanding the basic boundaries of each and every group is the basic step to be implemented before forming an innovation collaboration. Commitment: Organisations should be commited to the organization changes and transformations when are working in a collaboration for innovation (Lonsdale, 2009). Chapter 4: Conclusion: Innovative strategies have become the key factor for any organization to enchance their quality of operations and improve the organization performance. From the above discussion it is clear that each and every multinational organizations are following the innovative strategies to mark their place across the international market and improve the product values. By implementing the proper innovation techniques, all these organizations are accomplishing its targeted revenue and customer support across the world.

Highly Effective Study Method Essay -- Best Study Method

The objective of this essay is to attempt to construct an ideal study method based on accepted theory and empirical evidence on how it improves memory. The layout of this essay will first state a suggested study habit known and thereafter stipulate the theory from which it was drawn from, providing empirical evidence that supports the theory. The study methods that will be discussed are depth of processing and elaboration, encoding specificity and state dependent learning, practice and consolidation, mnemonics and retrieval failures. The first study habit to be tackled is to match learning and testing conditions, suggests that memory gets more recovered when the encoding and retrieval conditions relate to each other as close as possible. This theory is called the encoding specificity principle, according to Godden & Baddeley we encode information based on when it takes place. When you study or encode information in a classroom you are more likely to retrieve it later on when you are tested on the material, reason being is simply that you have matched the conditions of encoding to that of retrieving memory because you retrieve memories in the place where they were received (Sternberg, Sternberg & Mio, 2012). This theory of encoding specificity was established due to the experiment that was conducted by Godden and Baddeley in 1975 and was therefore titled the â€Å"DIVING EXPERIMENT†. The procedure of the experiment was, they divided the participants into two groups were one group was required to wear diving apparatus and had to study a list of words while underwater. The other group was taken on land and they were also given a list of words to study. Later on the two groups were further divided so that half of the participants w... ...raik, F.I.M., & Lockhart, R.S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for Memory Research. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior,11,671-684. Craik, F.I.M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294. Coon, D., Mitterer, J.O. (2011).‘Introduction to Psychology: Active Learning through Modules’ (12th edition). China: Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. Gooden, D.R., & Baddeley, A.D. (1975). Context-dependent Memory into Two Natural Environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology, 66(3): 325-31. Sternberg, R.J., Sternberg, K, Mio, J (2012). Cognition . (6th edition). Canada: Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. Baddeley A.D (1997). ‘Human Memory: Theory and practice’(Revised Edition). United Kingdom: Hove: Taylor & Transis Group.

Apocalypse Now, Apocalypse Forever Essay -- Movie Film comparison comp

Apocalypse Now, Apocalypse Forever Francis Ford Coppola's magnum opus Apocalypse Now was ladened with problems and difficulties before and after filming. These problems ranged from those having to do with the cast and crew, to those having to do with the circumstances surrounding the filming, to those having to do with the script, to those dealing in direct regard to the very sanity of all of those involved with Apocalypse Now. Despite the myriad of problems that contributed to this acclaimed film's failure, Apocalypse Now still became a success in its own right, and a true classic by any director's standards. Joseph Conrad's 1902 novel Heart Of Darkness is the striking story of Captain Marlow, an English ship captain who is sent into Africa to track down and collect the debts of an ivory trader identified as Mister Kurtz, a man who may or may not have gone insane along his eventful journey (Conrad). In this novel Marlow is faced with treachery from the Company, hostile as well as friendly natives, and the impending meeting with Kurtz himself. Marlow becomes obsessed with meeting Kurtz and communicating with him after reading the personal history of the man, and hearing all the remarkable stories about Kurtz told by Englishmen and Africans alike (Conrad). This fascinating story is the one that inspired original screenwriter John Milius to write the first drafts of Apocalypse Now in 1969 (Behr). Orson Welles originally planned to write, direct, and star in his own version of Heart Of Darkness back in 1939 (Behr). The problem arose when the Mercury movie company pulled out of the project cit ing Welles' inability to keep the film to be within their strict budget (Virtanen). Welles decided to give up on the project and decid... ... all signs pointed to Apocalypse Now's sure failure, that failure never came. Francis Ford Coppola not only did not receive the "F" he assured himself that he would, he created a film that is uniquely his, and that remains loyal to its many parents, but also reflects Coppola's inner self unlike any other artists mirror. Works Cited Behr, Fax (Writer, Director), & Hickenlooper, George (Writer, Director). 1992. Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse [Film]. Showtime/ Paramount. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness & The Secret Sharer. 1986. Buccaneer Books, inc. Cutchogue, NY. Coppola, Francis Ford (Director, Co-author). 1979. Apocalypse Now [Film]. American Zoetrope/ United Artists. Virtanen, Panu S. (1997). Apocalypse Now Tribute Page. Retrieved July 2nd, 1997 from the World Wide Web: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/9067/apocal.html.

The Growth And Production :: Beer Papers

The Growth And Production The smell of yeast hits you on the street more than a block away. Inside the lobby of the brewery, it is even stronger. I wondered how long that secretary had been putting up with the smell. "You get used to it." she said "The tour begins in ten minutes." Two other families had come to take this tour as well. A tasteful way to spend the afternoon with grandparents or in-laws, I thought. A short old man comes out after a while. He is wearing an amplifier around his neck and carrying a microphone. The speaker is bigger his head. The other members of the group stand up and we are all lead back out onto the street. The traffic rushes by us as he explains the square brass plate bolted into the pavement at our feet. "This is a time capsule" squawks the amplifier. The time capsule was buried in 1956 and will be opened again in the year 2006. It contains one bottle of Henry-Weinhard's beer, and one local newspaper. I picture a crowd gathered here in nine years and I picture them some fifty years ago. Maybe they shiver against the rain or maybe they brace themselves against a fierce wind rushing up Burnside St. like it is today. In any case I picture them waiting there as the sacred bottle is unearthed, having traversed time to bring us the old newspaper. I wonder if it will have frozen and cracked down there. I wonder if anyone will drink that bottle if it is intact when it is brought to surface. I picture the small man with the amplifier tipping back his head and downing the contents of the artifact. We are truly a people brought together most readily by such a symbol. Nothing warms Americans up to each other like alcohol. Blitz beer is one of the cheapest brands one can buy in the grocery store these days. It runs about four or five dollars for a twelve pack. Needless to say it is the choice of the thriftier lush. The can is of a simple design. White with red letters reading "Oregon's Premium quality beer for over fifty years....Founded 1856." One is lead to wonder whether those fifty premium years are taking place now, or if they have already passed us by. Blitz is really not that bad. It does the job, as they say, but the beer connoisseur would not be impressed by the flavor or body.

Case Review

CASE: THO YOW PEW & ANOR V CHUA KOOI HEAN MATERIAL FACT: The plaintiffs in this case were the elder and younger brother of Dr. Tho Yow Cheong (the deceased) who died testate on 5 December 1996. They were the executors and trustees of the will executed by the deceased which dated on 20 October 1995. On 16 June 1997, the plaintiffs applied to the High Court of Kuala Lumpur by way of petition for a grant of probate of the said will.The defendant who was the wife of the deceased however then entered a caveat with the Registry on 10 July 1997 in order to prevent the grant of probate to the plaintiffs without the defendant being given notice. On 21 October 1997, the plaintiffs commenced this probate action against the defendant praying to the court to decree probate of the said will in solemn form of law. The defendant then counterclaim seeking a declaration that the said will is null and void and prayed that she be grated letters of administration to the estate of the said deceased.ISSUES : 1. Whether deceased had requisite testamentary capacity to execute will 2. Whether suspicion satisfactory discharged by the party propounding the will 3. Whether the will valid 4. Whether probate should be granted HELD: Plaintiffs claim dismissed with cost and defendant’s counterclaim allowed with cost REASON FOR JUDGMENT: 1. The burden of proving the deceased had the requisite testamentary capacity laid with the parties propounding the will, which were the plaintiffs in this instance. 2.The deceased suffered from nose cancer and was heavily dependent on a steroid drug called â€Å"dexamethasone† to obtain relief from its resultant pains and discomfort. â€Å"Dexamethasone† used long term can give rise to several physical and psychiatric side effects. There is also doubt that the deceased who experienced weakness of his limbs and muscles with reduced motor function could have typed the will in question. 3. The plaintiffs did not impress as having done what the y did for the welfare and interest of the deceased.On the other hand, the defendant impressed as being a truthful witness. Her evidence was accepted as being the true version of the events that transpired. It was evident that the plaintiffs had not satisfactorily discharged the suspicion raised. RATIO DECIDENDI 1. Dr Shanmuganathan v. Periasamy Sithambaram Pillai [1997] 2 CLJ 153 * it was emphasised that where there are suspicious circumstances lurking behind the execution of the will, the onus is on the party propounding the will, to remove, by way of explanations such suspicious circumstances. . Foo Fio Na v. Hospital Assunta & Anor [1999] 8 CLJ 184 * †¦ I am of the view that a doctor could not give any opinion what more an expert opinion as to the injury of any person without seeing and examining that person and also in the present case without seeing the x-rays of that person. 3. Tyrrell v. Painton [1894] P 151 * The rule in Barry v. Butlin 2 Moo PC 480, Fulton v. Andrew LR 7 HL 448 and Brown v.Fisher 63 LT 456, is not, in my opinion, confined to the single case in which a will is prepared by or on the instructions of the person taking large benefits under it, but extends to all cases in which circumstances exist which excite the suspicion of the Court; and wherever such circumstances exist and whatever their nature may be, it is for those who propound the will to remove such suspicions, and to prove affirmatively that the testator knew and approved of the contents of the document, and it is only where this is done that the onus is thrown on these who oppose the will to prove fraud or undue influence, or whatever else they rely on to displace the case made for proving the will. 4. Udham Singh v. Indar Kaur [1971] 2 MLJ 263 * It is trite law that the burden of proving that the deceased had the requisite testamentary capacity whilst executing the will lies with the party propounding the will. COMMENT: In this case, the burden to prove at the time of exe cuting the will the deceased was in sound mind, memory and understanding position lies with the plaintiffs since they are the one who propounding the will. However the laintiffs failed to prove that the deceased was in that capability to execute the will. This is because there was evidence that the deceased was suffering from the side effects of the drugs taken by him in order to cure the pain that he suffered. The deceased was found euphoric, had muscle weakness and suffered from psychiatric effect of the drug, thus it is impossible for the deceased to type the will. In addition, the deceased also suffered â€Å"hemiparesis† which according to the expert, the strength of the deceased body was less which mean he can only write slowly and not type. A perusal of the will shows that it was type and the plaintiffs failed to prove who actually prepared the will.The suspicion raised in this case was not satisfactorily discharged by the plaintiffs when they failed to give all the ne eded prove such as whether the will was read to the deceased. The deceased was right handed and suffered â€Å"hemiparesis† which unable him to type the will. The love of the deceased to the defendant also cannot be denied by the conversation of the deceased with her daughter however the psychiatric problem that he suffered as the side effect of the drug taken had made him to show the contravention. The statements given by the witnesses of the plaintiffs also doubtful, thus it is concluded that the will was invalid and the probate should not be granted.

Modernist Poetry: Effectiveness

Modernist Poetry: Effectiveness When it comes to opinions everyone has one. Saying that Modernist poetry has no specific structure or form and therefore means it is not as ‘effective’, is like myself saying curry is spicy, sweet and doesn’t fit in with my taste buds and therefore curry is the worst seasoning. Poetry is far too complex to reduce to a simple â€Å"effective† or â€Å"not effective† dichotomy. To object to an opinion maybe you need to understand where they are coming from.Taking a look at traditional poetry you see rhyme schemes and specific meter and other rigid aspects of form. Modernist experimented vigorously with the poetic forms, language and versification, often doing away with rhythmical sweetness and the regularity of the traditional forms. Like a teenager that never finishes high school. She is considered by society to be a failure because she never met their ideals. However, she then goes out, gets signed and now almost every one knows her name, Christina Aguilera. Also read: Platos Attack on PoetryWhatever be the structure of a modern poem, there is a hidden meaning and rhythm of course. Even, that particular structure bears significance. That beauty and meaning cannot be interpreted by traditional readers. Others, of course, prefer traditional poetry, but I do not think either is more effective than the other; they just cater to different tastes. Just like when it comes to tastes in music, some people like country others prefer rap. Just because one become before the other doesn’t make it the right one and the other wrong, it makes them different.